Synergistic effect of UV–vis and solar photocatalytic ozonation on the degradation of phenol in municipal wastewater: A comparative study

Photocatalysis and ozonation processes have tremendous potential in wastewater treatment. However, photocatalysis is a slow process, and ozonation is highly selective. Combining these processes overcomes these drawbacks. In the present study, metal-ion (Ag, Cu, and Fe)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were employed in photocatalytic ozonation of phenol solutions and secondary municipal wastewater. The concentrations of phenol and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and UV absorbance (UV254) were monitored and the data modeled using pseudo-first-order kinetics. Synergy index values between 1.03 and 4.31 were obtained between ozonation and photocatalysis, resulting in faster degradation of organic contaminants using UV–vis and solar photocatalytic ozonation, compared with photocatalysis and ozonation alone. The treated water satisfied South African water treatment standards in terms of COD, phenol, and DOC levels. The use of solar radiation makes the process environmentally benign and less costly and therefore of major significance.