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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
agricultural and biological sciences
Relationships between direct predation and risk effects
Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Volume 23, No. 4, Year 2008
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Description
Risk effects arise when prey alter their behavior in response to predators, and these responses carry costs. Empirical studies have found that risk effects can be large. Nonetheless, studies of predation in vertebrate conservation and management usually consider only direct predation. Given the ubiquity and strength of behavioral responses to predators by vertebrate prey, it is not safe to assume that risk effects on dynamics can be ignored. Risk effects can be larger than direct effects. Risk effects can exist even when the direct rate of predation is zero. Risk effects and direct effects do not necessarily change in parallel. When risk effects reduce reproduction rather than survival, they are easily mistaken for limitation by food supply. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Creel, Scott R.
United States, Bozeman
Montana State University
Christianson, David A.
United States, Bozeman
Montana State University
Statistics
Citations: 988
Authors: 2
Affiliations: 1
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/j.tree.2007.12.004
ISSN:
01695347
Research Areas
Food Security