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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
environmental science
Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the global Atmosphere
Environmental Sciences: Processes and Impacts, Volume 16, No. 3, Year 2014
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Description
Concentrations of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (nPFAS) in the atmosphere are of interest because nPFAS are highly mobile percursors for perfluoroalkyl acids. Two calibration studies in Ontario, Canada and Costa Rica established the feasibility of using XAD 2-resin based passive air samplers (XAD-PAS) to reliably determine long term average air concentrations of nPFAS under temperate and tropical climatic conditions. The temporal and spatial distribution of nPFAS was investigated by analyzing XAD-PAS deployed for one year at between 17 and 46 sites on six continents between 2006 and 2011 as part of the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) study. Higher levels of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) compared to fluorinated sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorinated sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) were observed at all sites. Urban sites had the highest levels of nPFAS compared to rural and remote sites, which is also apparent in a positive correlation of nPFAS levels with the proximity of a sampling site to areas of high population density. Levels of FOSAs and FOSEs tended to decrease during the six years of measurements, whereas an initial decline in the concentrations of FTOHs from 2006 to 2008 did not continue in 2009 to 2011. A comparison of nPFAS levels measured in national XAD-PAS networks in Costa Rica and Botswana revealed that the GAPS sites in Tapanti and the Kalahari are representative of the more remote regions in those countries. XAD-PAS derived absolute nPFAS levels at GAPS sites are lower than those measured using another PAS, but are within the range of levels measured with active air samplers. Agreement of relative nPFAS composition is better between samplers, suggesting that the discrepancy is due to uncertain sampling rates. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Authors & Co-Authors
Gawor, A.
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Shunthirasingham, Chubashini
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Hayward, S. J.
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Lei, Yingduan
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Gouin, T.
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Mmereki, Baagi T.
Botswana, Gaborone
University of Botswana
Masamba, Wellington R.L.
Botswana, Gaborone
University of Botswana
Ruepert, Clemens
Costa Rica, Heredia
Universidad Nacional
Castillo, Luisa Eugenia
Costa Rica, Heredia
Universidad Nacional
Shoeib, M.
Canada, Gatineau
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Lee, S. C.
Canada, Gatineau
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Harner, Tom J.
Canada, Gatineau
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Wania, Frank
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Statistics
Citations: 56
Authors: 13
Affiliations: 4
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1039/c3em00499f
ISSN:
20507887
e-ISSN:
20507895
Research Areas
Environmental
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Study Locations
Botswana