Host response to malaria during pregnancy: Placental monocyte recruitment is associated with elevated β chemokine expression

Malaria during pregnancy is associated with poor birth outcomes, particularly low birth weight. Recently, monocyte infiltration into the placental intervillous space has been identified as a key risk factor for low birth weight. However, the malaria-induced chemokines involved in recruiting and activating placental monocytes have not been identified. In this study, we determined which chemokines are elevated during placental malaria infection and the association between chemokine expression and placental monocyte infiltration. Placental malaria infection was associated with elevations in mRNA expression of three β chemokines, macrophage-inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1) α (CCL3), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2), and 1-309 (CCL1), and one a chemokine, IL-8 (CXCL8); all correlated with monocyte density in the placental intervillous space. Placental plasma concentrations of MIP-1α and IL-8 were increased in women with placental malaria and were associated with placental monocyte infiltration. By immunohistochemistry, we localized placental chemokine production in malaria-infected placentas: some but not all hemozoin-laden maternal macrophages produced MIP-1β and MCP-1, and fetal stromal cells produced MCP-1. In sum, local placental production of chemokines is increased in malaria, and may be an important trigger for monocyte accumulation in the placenta.