Multiple episodic evolution events in v1r receptor genes of East-African cichlids

Fish use olfaction to detect a variety of nonvolatile chemical signals, and thus, this sense is key to survival and communication. However, the contribution of the olfactory sense to social especially reproductive interactions in cichlids is still controversial. To obtain insights into this issue, we investigated the genes encoding Vi Rs possible candidates for reproductive pheromone receptors among East-African cichlids. Interestingly, we found an excess of nonsynonymous over synonymous substitutions in four of six Vi R genes in multiple cichlid lineages. First, we found that highly dimorphic V1R2 allele groups were shared among the cichlids inhabiting all East-African Great Lakes emerged through the episodic accumulation of the nonsynonymous substitutions prior to the radiation of the Lake Tanganyika species flock. We further detected such episodic events in Vi Ri of the tribe Tropheini, and in Vi R3 and V1R6 of the tribe Trematocarini. The excess of nonsynonymous substitutions in these examples were indicated as dNIdS> 1, which were all statistically significant by Fisher's exact test. Furthermore, we speculate that the amino acid changes in these episodic events are likely functional switch because they occurred in the putative ligand-binding pocket. Our finding of the occurrence of multiple episodic events and the unexpected gene diversity in one unique gene family is suggestive of the contribution of the Vi R to the species diversification and the social interaction in cichlids. © 2014 The Author(s).