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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
The Lancet Haematology, Volume 10, No. 9, Year 2023
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Description
Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Authors & Co-Authors
Gardner, William M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Razo, Christian
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Hagins, Hailey
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Perumal, Nandita
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Cercy, Kelly M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Zoeckler, Leo Zucker
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Chen, Catherine S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Lim, Stephen S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Burkart, Katrin G.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dai, Xiaochen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dandona, Lalit
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Dandona, Rakhi
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dirac, Mae Ashworth
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Ewald, Samuel B.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Hassen, Mohammed Bheser
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Meštrović, Tomislav
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Croatia, Koprivnica
University North
Mokdad, Ali H.I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Pickering, Brandon V.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Sorensen, Reed J.D.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Stanaway, Jeffrey D.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Zheng, Peng
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Hay, Simon I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Murray, Christopher J.L.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Kassebaum, Nicholas J.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Sri Lanka, Peradeniya
University of Peradeniya
Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Aali, Amirali
Iran, Mashhad
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Nour, Mohammad Ghasemi
Iran, Mashhad
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Iran, Mashhad
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Abate, Kalkidan Hassen
Ethiopia, Jimma
Jimma University
Gerema, Urge
Ethiopia, Jimma
Jimma University
Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T.
Ethiopia, Jimma
Jimma University
Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M.
Egypt, Tanta
Tanta University
Enyew, Daniel Berhanie
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Gebremichael, Berhe
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Weldegebreal, Fitsum
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Abebe, Getachew
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Abtew, Yonas Derso
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Kanko, Tesfaye K.
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Dora, Bezabih Terefe
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Demissie, Solomon
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Woldemariam, Melat K.
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Abidi, Hassan
Iran, Yasuj
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
Zoladl, Mohammad
Iran, Yasuj
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
Aboagye, Richard Gyan
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Alhassan, Robert Kaba
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Immurana, Mustapha
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Amu, Hubert
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
South Africa, Durban
University of Kwazulu-natal
Abolhassani, Hassan
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset
Alvand, Saba
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Azadnajafabad, Sina
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ghamari, Seyyed Hadi
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Keykhaei, Mohammad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Momtazmanesh, Sara
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rahmani, Shayan
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Rezaei, Negar
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kompani, Farzad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Nowroozi, Ali
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Shobeiri, Parnian
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Tehran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Benin, Abomey-calavi
Clinical Research Institute of Benin Ircb
Shivalli, Siddharudha
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Adane, Denberu Eshetie
Ethiopia, Debre Tabor
Debre Tabor University
Adane, Tigist Demssew
Netherlands, Groningen
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Vart, Priya
Netherlands, Groningen
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Addo, Isaac Yeboah
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Australia, Sydney
Cancer Institute Nsw
Xu, Xiaoyue
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun
Nigeria, Ibadan
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa
Nigeria, Ibadan
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Ekholuenetale, Michael
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
United Kingdom, Aberdeen
University of Aberdeen
Fowobaje, Kayode R.
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo
Canada, Saskatoon
University of Saskatchewan
Nigeria, Abuja
Federal Ministry of Health
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Indonesia, Bandung
Universitas Padjadjaran
Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Management and Technology Lahore
Ullah, Irfan
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Management and Technology Lahore
Khalid, Nauman Abbas
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Management and Technology Lahore
Afzal, Saira
Pakistan, Lahore
King Edward Memorial Hospital
Pakistan, Lahore
Institute of Public Health
Agustina, Rina
Indonesia, Depok
Universitas Indonesia
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Australia, Sydney
University of Technology Sydney
Mustafa, Ghulam
Saudi Arabia, Shaqra
Shaqra University
Ahmad, Sajjad
Pakistan, Peshawar
Abasyn University
Ahmadi, Sepideh
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ajami, Marjan
Iran, Tehran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Doaei, Saeid
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Gholamalizadeh, Maryam
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Jamshidi, Elham
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Switzerland, Lausanne
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Sabour, Siamak
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Zahir, Mazyar
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Switzerland, Allschwil
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Swiss Tph
Ahmed, Ayman
Sudan, Khartoum
Khartoum University
Switzerland, Allschwil
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Swiss Tph
Rashid, Tarik A.
Iraq, Erbil
University of Kurdistan Hewlêr
Aiman, Wajeeha
Pakistan, Multan
Nishtar Medical University
Akbarialiabad, Hossein
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Alahdab, Fares
United States, Rochester
Mayo Clinic
Al-Aly, Ziyad
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Department of Veterans Affairs
Alam, Noore K.M.
Bangladesh, Chittagong
Asian University for Women
Alemayehu, Astawus
Ethiopia, Harar
Harar Health Science College
Ethiopia, Harar
Rift Valley University
Almustanyir, Sami
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Alfaisal University
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad S.
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
King Abdulaziz University
Natto, Zuhair Saleh
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
King Abdulaziz University
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
Al-Rifai, Rami H.
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
ElBarazi, Iffat
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Khan, Maseer Adnan
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Altirkawi, Khalid A.
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Temsah, Mohamad Hani
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Sami Amer, Yasser Sami Abdeldayem
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Egypt, Alexandria
Alexandria University
ElGohary, Ghada M.
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Egypt, Cairo
Ain Shams University
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Colombia, Barranquilla
Universidad de la Costa
Colombia, Cartagena
Universidad de Cartagena
Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Anagaw, Tadele Fentabil
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Asresie, Melash B.
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Abate, Andargie
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Demsie, Desalegn Getnet
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Berhie, Alemshet Yirga
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Dagnew, Gizachew Worku
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Ancuceanu, Robert
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Hostiuc, Mihaela
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Hostiuc, Sorin
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
Negoi, Ionut
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
Cardio-aid
Anoushirvani, Ali Arash
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Arabloo, Jalal
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Dodangeh, Milad
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Kabir, Ali
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Noori, Maryam
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Tiyuri, Amir
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Antwi, Maxwell Hubert
Ghana, Koforidua
Koforidua Technical University
Anvari, Davood
Iran, Sari
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Iranshahr
Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences
Shorofi, Seyed Afshin
Iran, Sari
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Ariffin, Hany
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Universiti Malaya
Aripov, Timur Y.
United States, Boston
Boston Children's Hospital
Oladunjoye, Adeolu O.
United States, Houston
Baylor College of Medicine
Arja, Asrat
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Wagaye, Birhanu
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Ethiopia, Dessie
Wollo University
Arulappan, Judie
Oman, Muscat
Sultan Qaboos University
Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo
South Africa, Cape Town
University of Cape Town
Ashraf, Tahira
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Baig, Atif Amin
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Hanif, Asif
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Iran, Zanjan
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zums
Atlaw, Daniel
Ethiopia, Robe
Madda Walabu University
Aujayeb, Avinash
United Kingdom, North Shields
Northumbria Healthcare Nhs Foundation Trust
Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Holla, Ramesh
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Janodia, Manthan D.
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Badawi, Alaa F.
Canada, Ottawa
Public Health Agency of Canada
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
Pakistan, Karachi
The Aga Khan University
Badiye, Ashish
India, Nagpur
Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur
Baghcheghi, Nayereh
Iran, Saveh
Saveh University of Medical Sciences
Bagherieh, Sara
Iran, Isfahan
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Fatehizadeh, Ali
Iran, Isfahan
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Banach, Maciej P.
Poland, Lodz
Medical University of Lodz
Poland, Lodz
Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki
Banik, Palash Chandra
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
Bantie, Abere Tilahun
Ethiopia, Adigrat
Adigrat University
Barr, Ronald Duncan
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Kurmi, Om P.
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
United Kingdom, Coventry
Coventry University
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
Barrow, Amadou
Gambia, Serrekunda
University of the Gambia
Gambia, Kotu
Ministry of Health
Basu, Sanjay
Unknown Affiliation
Batiha, Abdul Monim Mohammad
Jordan, Amman
Philadelphia University
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Australia, Brisbane
The University of Queensland
Billah, Sk Masum
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Hossain, Sheikh Jamal
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Siraj, Md Shahjahan
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Tariqujjaman, Md
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Belete, Melaku Ashagrie
Ethiopia, Dessie
Wollo University
Hussien, Foziya Mohammed
Ethiopia, Dessie
Wollo University
Belo, L.
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Cruz-Martins, Natália
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Portugal, Gandra
Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário
Benseñor, Isabela Judith Martins
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
United States, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas
Bhardwaj, Nikha
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Misra, S.
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Bhat, Ajay Nagesh
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Boloor, Archith
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Dsouza, Haneil Larson
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Joseph, Nitin
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kumar, Nithin Narender
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
India, Noida
Amity University
Das, Jai Kumar
Pakistan, Karachi
The Aga Khan University
Lassi, Zohra S.
Pakistan, Karachi
The Aga Khan University
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Bikbov, Boris T.
Unknown Affiliation
Islam, Sheikh Mohammad Shariful
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Kandel, Himal
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Caringbah
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District
Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara
Ethiopia, Semera
Samara University, Ethiopia
Bitaraf, Saeid
Iran, Ahvaz
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Botelho, João Silva
Portugal, Caparica
Egas Moniz School of Health and Science
CALINA, DANIELA Cornelia
Romania, Craova
Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Din Craiova
Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo
Canada, Vancouver
The University of British Columbia
Chanie, Gashaw Sisay
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Dessie, Getenet Ayalew
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Diress, Mengistie
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Gela, Yibeltal Yismaw
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Eshetu, Habitu Birhan
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Sharew, Mequannent Melaku
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Simegn, Wudneh
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Chukwu, Isaac Sunday
Nigeria
Federal Medical Centre Nigeria
Criqui, Michael H.
United States, La Jolla
University of California, San Diego
Dadras, Omid
Norway, Bergen
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Danawi, Hadi A.
United States, Minneapolis
Walden University
Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
University of Human Development
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
University of Human Development
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Omar Bali, Ahmed
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
University of Human Development
Das, Saswati
Unknown Affiliation
de la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa Vianey
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Mejía-Rodríguez, Fabiola
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Desalegn, Markos
Ethiopia, Nekemte
Wollega University
Regassa, Bikila
Ethiopia, Nekemte
Wollega University
Fekadu, Ginenus
Ethiopia, Nekemte
Wollega University
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Dessalegn, Fikadu Nugusu
Ethiopia, Robe
Madda Walabu University
Dhimal, Megnath
Nepal, Kathmandu
Nepal Health Research Council
Diaz, D.
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Mexico, Culiacan
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Didehdar, Mojtaba
Iran, Arak
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Golitaleb, Mohamad
Iran, Arak
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Doku, Paul
Ghana, Cape Coast
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Dongarwar, Deepa
United States, Houston
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Elagali, Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa
Australia, Perth
Minderoo Foundation
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Elbahnasawy, Mostafa A.
Egypt, Cairo
Al-azhar University
Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
Egypt, Cairo
Al-azhar University
Samy, Abdallah Mohammed
Egypt, Cairo
Ain Shams University
Elhadi, Muhammed K.
Libya, Tripoli
University of Tripoli
El-Huneidi, Waseem
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Saddik, Basema
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Elmonem, Mohamed A.
Egypt, Cairo
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine
Zaki, Leila
Iran, Tehran
Tarbiat Modares University
Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara
United States, Atlanta
Morehouse School of Medicine
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Ram, Pradhum
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Suchdev, Parminder S.
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Young, Melissa Fox
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Fischer, Florian
Germany, Berlin
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Foroutan, M.
Iran, Abadan
Abadan University of Medical Sciences
Gadanya, Muktar Ahmed
Nigeria, Kano
Bayero University
Nigeria, Kano
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
Gaidhane, Abhay M.
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Quazi, Syed Zahiruddin
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Gaipov, Abduzhappar E.
Kazakhstan, Astana
Nazarbayev University School of Medicine
Galali, Yaseen
Iraq, Erbil
Salahaddin University-erbil
Iraq, Erbil
Cihan University-erbil
Singh, Paramdeep Tony
India, New Delhi
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Garg, Tushar R.
India, Mumbai
Seth gs Medical College and Kem Hospital
Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa University
Tamir, Zemenu
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa University
Getacher, Lemma
Ethiopia, Debre Berhan
Debre Berhan University
Mulu, Getaneh Baye
Ethiopia, Debre Berhan
Debre Berhan University
Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad
Ethiopia, Debre Berhan
Debre Berhan University
Ghafourifard, Mansour
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Hasankhani, Hadi
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Hoseini, Seyed Mostafa
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Mahmoodpor, Ata
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Iran, Qazvin
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Kalhor, Rohollah
Iran, Qazvin
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Ghozy, Sherief A.
United States, Rochester
Mayo Clinic
Glasbey, James C.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Golechha, Mahaveer Jain
India, Gandhinagar
Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
Goleij, Pouya
Unknown Affiliation
Goyomsa, Girma Garedew
Ethiopia, Fitche
Salale University
Gubari, Mohammed I.M.
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
University of Sulaimani
Gupta, Rajat Das
United States, Allentown
Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Brac University
Yunusa, Ismaeel
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Guta, Alemu
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa University
Solomon, Yonatan
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa University
Umer, Abdurezak Adem
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa University
Habibzadeh, Parham
United States, Baltimore
University of Maryland, Baltimore Umb
Hamidi, Samer A.
United Arab Emirates, Dubai
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Handal, Alexis J.
United States, Ann Arbor
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Harapan, Harapan H.
Indonesia, Banda Aceh
Universitas Syiah Kuala
Hasan, Md Mehedi
Australia, Brisbane
The University of Queensland
Hayat, Khezar
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
China, Xi'an
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Heidari, Golnaz
Unknown Affiliation
Hess, Sonja Y.
United States, Davis
University of California, Davis
Hiraike, Yuta
Japan, Tokyo
The University of Tokyo
Ilic, Irena M.
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja
Unknown Affiliation
Kumar, G. Anil
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh
Sri Lanka, Colombo
University of Colombo
Jayaram, Shubha
India, Mysore
Mysore Medical College
Jebai, Rime
United States, Miami
Florida International University
Abafita, Bedru Jemal
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Dilla University
Muche, Temesgen
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Dilla University
Seboka, Binyam Tariku
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Dilla University
Zenebe, Getachew Assefa
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Dilla University
Jeyakumar, Angeline
India, Pune
Savitribai Phule Pune University
South Africa, Johannesburg
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Jonas, Jost Bruno
Switzerland, Basel
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Jóźwiak, Jacek Jerzy
Poland, Opole
Uniwersytet Opolski
Karaye, Ibraheem M.
United States, Hempstead
Hofstra University
Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar
Saudi Arabia, Al-majmaah
Majmaah University
Katoto, Patrick De Marie Chimusa
Democratic Republic Congo, Bukavu
Université Catholique de Bukavu
South Africa, Stellenbosch
Stellenbosch University
Kauppila, Joonas H.
Finland, Oulu
Oulun Yliopisto
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Institutet
Kayode, Gbenga Ayodele
Nigeria, Abuja
Institute of Human Virology - Nigeria
Netherlands, Utrecht
Universiteit Utrecht
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Jordan, Irbid
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Khammarnia, Mohammad
Iran, Zahedan
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
Khan, Imteyaz Ahmad
United States, New Brunswick
Rutgers University–new Brunswick
Khatab, Khaled
United Kingdom, Sheffield
Sheffield Hallam University
Taheri-Soodejani, Moslem
Iran, Yazd
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences
Khubchandani, Jagdish
United States, Las Cruces
New Mexico State University
Kim, Yun-jin
Malaysia, Sepang
Xiamen University Malaysia
Kimokoti, Ruth W.
United States, Boston
Simmons University
Kisa, Sezer
Norway, Oslo
Oslomet – Storbyuniversitetet
Kosen, Soewarta
Unknown Affiliation
Krishan, K.
India, Chandigarh
Panjab University
Kuate Defo, B.
Canada, Montreal
University of Montreal
Kuddus, M. Abdul
Saudi Arabia, Hail
University of Ha'il
Kuti, Oluwatosin
Ghana, Accra
United Nations Children's Fund
Landires, Iván
Panama, Las Tablas
Institute of Medical Sciences
Larsson, Anders Olof
Sweden, Uppsala
Uppsala Universitet
Sweden, Uppsala
Akademiska Sjukhuset
Laxmaiah, Avula
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Ledda, Caterina
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Vacante, Marco
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Veroux, Massimiliano
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Liu, Xuefeng
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Qattea, Ibrahim
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Lorenzovici, László
Romania, Targu Mures
Syreon Research Romania
Romania, Targu Mures
George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures
Mahjoub, Soleiman
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain
Saudi Arabia, Sakakah
Jouf University
Carvalho Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Brazil, Belo Horizonte
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Masoumi, Sayedeh Zahra
Iran, Hamadan
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Mendoza, Walter
United States, New York
United Nations Population Fund
Miazgowski, Tomasz
Poland, Szczecin
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Mohammed, Shafiu Abdullah
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Germany, Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin
Sufiyan, Mu'Awiyyah Babale
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Mohan, Syam Morali
Saudi Arabia, Jazan
Jazan University
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Monasta, Lorenzo
Italy, Trieste
Irccs Burlo Garofolo
Mostafavi, Ebrahim
United States, Palo Alto
Stanford University
Mulita, Francesk
Greece, Rio
University General Hospital of Patras
Greece, Volos
University of Thessaly
Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
Unknown Affiliation
Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha
India, Mysore
Mysore Medical College
Nguefack-Tsague, Georges
Cameroon, Yaounde
Université de Yaoundé I
Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku
Kenya, Embu
University of Embu
Oancea, Bogdan
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea Din Bucuresti
Obsa, Mohammed Suleiman
Ethiopia, Sodo
Wolaita Sodo University
Sisay, Yordanos
Ethiopia, Sodo
Wolaita Sodo University
Odhiambo, Julius Nyerere
South Africa, Durban
University of Kwazulu-natal
Kenya, Nairobi
Technical University of Kenya
Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer
South Africa, Durban
University of Kwazulu-natal
Okonji, Osaretin Christabel
South Africa, Bellville
University of the Western Cape
Oladunjoye, Olubunmi Omotola
United States, Houston
Baylor College of Medicine
Omonisi, Abidemi Emmanuel
Nigeria, Ado-ekiti
Ekiti State University
Ortiz Arduan, Alberto Arduan
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Spain, Madrid
Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz
Pandya, Apurva Kumar
India, Vadodara
Parul University
Pardhan, Shahina
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Anglia Ruskin University
Patel, Jay
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
United Kingdom, Leeds
University of Leeds
Paudel, Rajan R.
Nepal, Kathmandu
Tribhuvan University
Pawar, Shrikant D.
United States, New Haven
Yale University
Pereira, Gavin F.
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Perico, Norberto
Italy, Milan
Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Italy, Milan
Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Perna, Simone
Bahrain, Zallaq
University of Bahrain
Pollok, Richard C.G.
United Kingdom, London
St George’s, University of London
Prashant, Akila V.
India, Mysore
Jss Academy of Higher Education & Research
Rahim, Fakher
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
Cihan University– Sulaymania
Rahman, Azizur
Australia, Wagga Wagga
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga
Rahmani, Amir Masoud
Taiwan, Douliou
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Rai, Rajesh Kumar
India, Suri
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
Germany, Gottingen
Georg-august-universität Göttingen
Raimondo, Ivano
Italy, Sassari
Università Degli Studi Di Sassari
Italy, Olbia
Mater Olbia Hospital
Ranjha, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz
Pakistan, Sargodha
University of Sargodha
Rao, Sowmya J.
Unknown Affiliation
Rawaf, Salman
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Rawal, Lal Bahadur
Australia, Rockhampton
Cquniversity Australia
Richards, Toby A.
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Australia, Clayton
Monash Health
Rickard, Jennifer L.
United States, Minneapolis
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Rwanda, Kigali
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali
Roever, Leonardo S.
Brazil, Uberlandia
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Roshandel, Gholamreza H.
Iran, Gorgan
Golestan University of Medical Sciences
Tahamtan, Alireza
Iran, Gorgan
Golestan University of Medical Sciences
Roy, Bedanta
Malaysia, Ipoh
Quest International University Perak Qiup
Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara
Botswana, Gaborone
University of Botswana
Saad, Aly Mohamed Abd Alrahman
Egypt, Zagazig
Zagazig University
Sadeghi, Masoumeh
Iran, Semnan
Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Sahoo, Harihar
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Rashad Salem, Marwa Rashad
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Satpathy, Maheswar
India, Bhubaneswar
Utkal University
India, Bhubaneswar
Udyam-global Association for Sustainable Development
Saya, Ganesh Kumar
India, Puducherry
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta
Ethiopia, Jijiga
Jigjiga University
Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
Unknown Affiliation
Shaikh, Masood Ali A.
Unknown Affiliation
Shin, Jae-il
South Korea, Seoul
Yonsei University
Sikder, Mustafa Kamal
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University
Vervoort, Dominique V.
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Russian Federation, Moscow
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Rnrmu
Song, Yi
China, Beijing
Peking University
Szeto, Mindy D.
United States, Aurora
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
Tefera, Yibekal Manaye
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa University
Molla, Bereket Molla
Iraq, Sulaymania
Komar University of Science and Technology
Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan Gai
Unknown Affiliation
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel
Iran, Tehran
Islamic Azad University
Valdez, Pascual Rubén
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana
Sri Lanka, Mihintale
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Wonde, Tewodros Eshete
Ethiopia, Debra Marcos
Debre Markos University
Yigit, Arzu
Turkey, Isparta
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
Yon, Dong Keon
South Korea, Seoul
Kyung Hee University
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Japan, Kodaira
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Japan, Tokyo
Juntendo University
Yu, Chuanhua
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Zare, Iman
Iran, Shiraz
Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies
Moradi, Masoud
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Statistics
Citations: 8
Authors: 403
Affiliations: 361
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S2352-3026(23)00160-6
ISSN:
23523026
Research Areas
Disability
Health System And Policy
Maternal And Child Health
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Participants Gender
Female