Terminals of paraventricular spinal neurones are closely associated with adrenal medullary sympathetic preganglionic neurones: Immunocytochemical evidence for vasopressin as a possible neurotransmitter in this pathway

A recent study using transsynaptically transported pseudorabies virus, injected into the adrenal gland, showed labelled neurones in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, indicating that these neurones send projections to sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurones (SPNs). However, this technique cannot conclusively demonstrate that the pathway is monosynaptic. In order to investigate the possibility of a direct projection from the PVN to SPNs, the present study used the anterograde tracer biotin dextran amine to label paraventricular spinal projections and the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B conjugated to horseradish peroxidase to label SPNs. In addition, because electrophysiological evidence suggests vasopressin to be a neurotransmitter candidate in this pathway, immunocytochemical identification of the peptide and retrograde labelling of SPNs to the adrenal medulla were used to investigate this. The results of these studies show spinally projecting paraventricular axons with terminal varicosities closely associated with SPNs. Therefore some of these associations may represent boutons forming synaptic contact on SPNs. Similarly, vasopressin fibres were found close to the dendrites and soma of SPNs. It is suggested that spinal axons originating from paraventricular neurones can provide a direct influence on adrenal medullary function, that vasopressin is a possible neurotransmitter involved in some of these connections and this is one means by which the paraventricular nucleus can generate a defence to stressful stimuli.