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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050
The Lancet, Volume 398, No. 10308, Year 2021
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Description
Background: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40·4 billion (0·5%, 95% UI 0·5–0·5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24·6% (UI 24·0–25·1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54·8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13·7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12·3 billion was newly committed and $1·4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3·1 billion (22·4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2·4 billion (17·9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714·4 million (7·7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34·3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448–1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation: Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC8457757/bin/mmc1.pdf
Authors & Co-Authors
Micah, Angela E.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Cogswell, Ian E.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Cunningham, Brandon
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Ezoe, Satoshi
Japan, Tokyo
The University of Tokyo
Harle, Anton Connor
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Maddison, Emilie R.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
McCracken, Darrah
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Nomura, Shuhei
Japan, Tokyo
The University of Tokyo
Japan, Tokyo
Keio University
Simpson, Kyle E.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Stutzman, Hayley N.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Tsakalos, Golsum
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Wallace, Lindsey E.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Zhao, Yingxi
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Zende, Rahul R.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Abbafati, Cristiana
Italy, Rome
Sapienza Università Di Roma
Abdelmasseh, Michael
United States, Huntingdon
Marshall University
Abedi, Aidin
United States, Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
Cyprus, Nicosia
Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi
Ethiopia, Robe
Madda Walabu University
Abhilash, E. S.
India, Kozhikode
Sree Narayana Guru College, Chelannur
Abolhassani, Hassan
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Abrigo, Michael Ralph M.
Philippines, Quezon City
Philippine Institute for Development Studies
Adhikari, Tara Ballav
Denmark, Aarhus
Aarhus Universitet
Nepal, Kathmandu
Nepal Health Frontiers
Afzal, Saira
Pakistan, Lahore
King Edward Memorial Hospital
Pakistan, Lahore
Institute of Public Health
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Australia, Sydney
University of Technology Sydney
Ahmadi, Sepideh
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ahmed, Haroon
Pakistan, Islamabad
Comsats University Islamabad
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Ethiopia, Jimma
Jimma University
Australia, Adelaide
University of South Australia
Ahmed Rashid, Tarik
Iraq, Erbil
University of Kurdistan Hewlêr
Ajami, Marjan
Iran, Tehran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Aji, Budi
Indonesia, Purwokerto
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Akalu, Yonas
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet
Nigeria, Jos
The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health Icoh for Africa
Nigeria, Garki
Federal Ministry of Health
Al Hamad, Hanadi A.
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Medical Corporation
Alam, Khurshid
Australia, Perth
Murdoch University
Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Alanzi, Turki Mashhoor
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Alemayehu, Yosef
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Alhassan, Robert Kaba
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Alinia, Cyrus
Iran, Urmia
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Kuwait, Kuwait City
Kuwait University
Malaysia, Bangi
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Almustanyir, Sami
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Alfaisal University
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Colombia, Barranquilla
Universidad de la Costa
Colombia, Cartagena
Universidad de Cartagena
Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.
Colombia, Barranquilla
Universidad de la Costa
Colombia, Bogota
Instituto Nacional de Salud
Amini, Saeed
Iran, Arak
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Amini-Rarani, Mostafa
Iran, Isfahan
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Amu, Hubert
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Ancuceanu, Robert
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Andrei, Câtâlina Liliana
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Andrei, Tudorel
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Angell, Blake J.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Anjomshoa, Mina
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Philippines, Manila
University of the Philippines Manila
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Antony, Catherine M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Aqeel, Muhammad
Pakistan, Islamabad
Foundation University, Islamabad
Arabloo, Jalal
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Arab-Zozani, Morteza
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Aripov, Timur Y.
Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education
United States, Boston
Boston Children's Hospital
Arrigo, Alessandro
Italy, Milan
Università Vita-salute San Raffaele
Ashraf, Tahira
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Atnafu, Desta Debalkie
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Ausloos, M.
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Ávila-Burgos, Leticia Del Socorro
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Awan, Asma Tahir
United States, Minneapolis
Capella University
United States, Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Ayano, Getinet
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Azari, Samad
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Azhar, Gulrez Shah
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
United States, Santa Monica
Rand Corporation
Babalola, Tesleem Kayode
South Africa, Durban
University of Kwazulu-natal
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
Bahrami, Mahammad Amin
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Baig, Atif Amin
Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
Banach, Maciej P.
Poland, Lodz
Medical University of Lodz
Poland, Lodz
Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki
Barati, Nastaran
Iran, Hamadan
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
Barrow, Amadou
Gambia, Serrekunda
University of the Gambia
Gambia, Banjul
Ministry of Health
Basu, Sanjay
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Baune, Bernhard T.
Germany, Munster
University of Münster
Australia, Melbourne
Melbourne Medical School
Bayati, Mohsen
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Benzian, Habib
United States, New York
New York University
Berman, Adam E.
United States, Augusta
Augusta University
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Bhardwaj, Nikha
India, Pali
Government Medical College Pali
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Bhaskar, Sonu M.M.
Australia, Sydney
Nsw Brain Clot Bank
Australia, Sydney
South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital
Bibi, Sadia D.
Pakistan, Faisalabad
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Bijani, Ali
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Bodolica, Virginia
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
American University of Sharjah
Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
Italy, Genoa
Università Degli Studi Di Genova
Braithwaite, Dejana
United States, Gainesville
University of Florida
United States, Gainesville
University of Florida Health
Gething, P. W.
United States, Columbus
The Ohio State University
Breusov, Alexey V.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Rudn University
Briko, N. I.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Busse, Reinhard
Germany, Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin
Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero
Peru, Lima
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Callander, Emily Joy
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Instituto Universitario Del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A.
Colombia, Bogota
Instituto Nacional de Salud
Colombia, Bogota
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Catalá-López, Ferran
Spain, Madrid
Instituto de Salud Carlos Iii
Canada, Ottawa
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Charan, Jaykaran
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Chatterjee, Souranshu
India, Gurugram
Medanta Medicity
Chattu, Soosanna Kumary
Guyana, Georgetown
Texila American University
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
India, Thiruvananthapuram
Global Institute of Public Health
Chen, Simiao
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Cicero, Arrigo F.G.
Italy, Bologna
Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna
Dadras, Omid
Japan, Kyoto
Kyoto University
Dahlawi, Saad Mohammed
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Dai, Xiaochen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dalal, Koustuv
Sweden, Sundsvall
Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall
Kazakhstan, Almaty
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Dandona, Lalit
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Dandona, Rakhi
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
De Neve, Jan Walter
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Dhamnetiya, Deepak
Unknown Affiliation
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Sri Lanka, Peradeniya
University of Peradeniya
Doshmangir, Leila
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Zaki, Maysaa El S.
Egypt, Cairo
Egypt Ministry of Higher Education
El Tantawi, Maha M.A.
Egypt, Alexandria
Alexandria University
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Farzadfar, Farshad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Fischer, Florian
Germany, Weingarten
Hochschule Ravensburg-weingarten
Foigt, Nataliya A.
Ukraine, Kyiv
National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
Freitas, Alberto S.
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Portugal, Porto
Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Porto
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Japan, Kobe
Kobe University
Fullman, Nancy
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Gaál, Péter Andras
Hungary, Budapest
Semmelweis Egyetem
Romania, Cluj Napoca
Sapientia Erdélyi Magyar Tudományegyetem
Gad, Mohamed M.
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
United States, Chapel Hill
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
García-Gordillo, Miguel Ángel
Chile, Santiago
Universidad de Chile
Garg, Tushar R.
India, Mumbai
Seth gs Medical College and Kem Hospital
Ghafourifard, Mansour
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Gholamian, Asadollah
Iran, Rasht
Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch
Iran, Tehran
Islamic Azad University
Gholamrezanezhad, Ali
United States, Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Ghozali, Ghozali
Indonesia, Samarinda
Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur
Gilani, Syed Amir
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Pakistan, Lahore
Afro-asian Institute
Petcu, Ionela Roxana
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Golechha, Mahaveer Jain
India, Gandhinagar
Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
Goli, Srinivas
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Guha, Avirup
United States, Columbus
The Ohio State University
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Gupta, Veer Bala
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Gupta, Vivek Kumar
Australia, Sydney
Macquarie University
Haakenstad, Annie M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Haider, Mohammad Rifat
United States, Athens
Ohio University
Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Hamidi, Samer A.
United Arab Emirates, Dubai
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Hanif, Asif
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Harapan, Harapan H.
Indonesia, Banda Aceh
Universitas Syiah Kuala
Hartono, Risky Kusuma
Indonesia, South Jakarta
Universitas Indonesia Maju
Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
Egypt, Cairo
Faculty of Science
Hassan, Shoaib K.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Hassanein, Mohamed H.
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Hayat, Khezar
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
China, Xi'an
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Hegazy, Mohamed I.
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Heidari, Golnaz
Unknown Affiliation
Hendrie, Delia V.
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Heredia-Pi, Ileana B.
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Herteliu, Claudiu
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
United Kingdom, London
London South Bank University
Holla, Ramesh
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Hossain, Sheikh Jamal
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Hostiuc, Sorin
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
Huda, Tanvir M.
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Hwang, Bingfang
Taiwan, Taichung
China Medical University
Iavicoli, Ivo
Italy, Naples
Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico Ii
Idrisov, Bulat T.
Russian Federation, Ufa
Bashkir State Medical University
Russian Federation, Dolgoprudny
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina
Unknown Affiliation
Islam, Sheikh Mohammad Shariful
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Isola, Gaetano
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Jahani, Mohammad Ali
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Jahanmehr, Nader
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
Japan, Tokyo
Hosei University
Serbia, Kragujevac
University of Kragujevac
Janodia, Manthan D.
India, Manipal
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Jayapal, Sathish Kumar
Oman, Muscat
Ministry of Health Oman
Jayawardena, Ranil
Sri Lanka, Colombo
University of Colombo
Australia, Brisbane
Queensland University of Technology
Jonas, Jost Bruno
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
China, Beijing
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Joó, Tamas
Hungary, Budapest
Semmelweis Egyetem
Joukar, Farahnaz
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
JÜRISSON, Mikk
Estonia, Tartu
Tartu Ülikool
Kaambwa, Billingsley
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Kalhor, Rohollah
Iran, Qazvin
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Kanchan, Tanuj
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Kandel, Himal
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Caringbah
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District
Karamimatin, Behzad
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Karimi, Salah Eddin
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Kassahun, Getinet
Ethiopia, Awassa
Hawassa University
Kayode, Gbenga Ayodele
Nigeria, Abuja
Institute of Human Virology - Nigeria
Netherlands, Utrecht
Universiteit Utrecht
Kazemi-Karyani, Ali
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Jordan, Irbid
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Khalilov, Rovshan I.
Azerbaijan, Baku
Baku State University
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Pedagogical State University
Khammarnia, Mohammad
Iran, Zahedan
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
Khan, Junaid
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Khubchandani, Jagdish
United States, Las Cruces
New Mexico State University
Kianipour, Neda
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Kim, Gyu-ri
South Korea, Seoul
Yonsei University
Kim, Yun-jin
Malaysia, Sepang
Xiamen University Malaysia
Kisa, Adnan
Norway, Oslo
Kristiania University College
United States, New Orleans
Tulane University
Kisa, Sezer
Norway, Oslo
Oslomet – Storbyuniversitetet
Kohler, Stefan
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Kosen, Soewarta
Unknown Affiliation
Koyanagi, Ai
Spain, Madrid
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
Spain, Barcelona
Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats
Krishan, K.
India, Chandigarh
Panjab University
Kumar, G. Anil
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Kusuma, Dian
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Indonesia, Depok
Universitas Indonesia
Lamnisos, D.
Cyprus, Nicosia
European University Cyprus
Lansingh, Van Charles
United States, New York
Helpmesee, Inc.
Mexico, Queretaro
Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology
Larsson, Anders Olof
Sweden, Uppsala
Uppsala Universitet
Sweden, Uppsala
Akademiska Sjukhuset
Lasrado, Savita
India, Mangalore
Fr. Muller Medical College Hospital
Le, Long Khanh Dao
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Huey, Shaun Lee Wen
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway
Monash University Malaysia
Malaysia, Subang Jaya
Taylor's University Malaysia
Lee, Yeong Yeh
Malaysia, Kubang Kerian
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus
Lim, Stephen S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Lozano, Rafael
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan
Egypt, Mansoura
Egypt Ministry of Health and Population
Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed
Egypt, Aswan
Ministry of Health and Population
Majeed, Azeem
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Maleki, Afshin
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Sanandaj
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Malekzadeh, Reza
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Manda, Ana Laura
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Mansourghanaei, Fariborz
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Martínez-Valle, Adolfo
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Masoumi, Sayedeh Zahra
Iran, Hamadan
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Maude, Richard J.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Thailand, Bangkok
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
McKee, Martin J.
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Menezes, Ritesh G.
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Meretoja, Atte P.
Finland, Helsinki
Helsinki University Hospital
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Meretoja, Tuomo J.
Finland, Helsinki
Helsinki University Hospital
Finland, Helsinki
Helsingin Yliopisto
Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal
United States, Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Egypt, Shibin el Kom
Menoufia University
Meštrović, Tomislav
Croatia, Zagreb
Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic
Croatia, Koprivnica
University North
Miller, Ted R.
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
United States, Beltsville
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
Mirică, Andreea Cristina
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Mirrakhimov, Erkin
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine
Mohajer, Bahram
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman
Iraq, Duhok
University of Duhok
Mohammadi, Mokhtar
Iraq, Erbil
Lebanese French University
Mohamadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
Iran, Shahr-e Kord
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
Mohammed, Shafiu Abdullah
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Moitra, Modhurima
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Mokdad, Ali H.I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Molokhia, Mariam
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Bangladesh, Pabna
Pabna University of Science and Technology
Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam
Iran, Kerman
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Muriithi, Moses Kinyanjui
Kenya, Nairobi
University of Nairobi
Saravanan, Muthupandian
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
Unknown Affiliation
Naimzada, Mukhammad David Z.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Hse University
Nangia, Vinay B.
India, Nagpur
Suraj Eye Institute
Naqvi, Atta Abbas
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Nascimento, Bruno Ramos
Brazil, Belo Horizonte
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Naveed, Muhammad
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Central Punjab
Ndejjo, Rawlance
Uganda, Kampala
Makerere University
Negoi, Ionut
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
Nguyen, Trang Huyen Thi
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Nonvignon, Justice
Ghana, Accra
University of Ghana
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka
Nigeria, Abuja
National Hospital, Abuja
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Oancea, Bogdan
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea Din Bucuresti
Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola Ogunyemi
Nigeria, Abuja
United Nations Children's Fund
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun
Nigeria, Abuja
National Aids Control Committee
Olgiati, Stefano
Italy, Bergamo
Università Degli Studi Di Bergamo
Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun
Nigeria, Lagos
Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
Onwujekwe, Obinna E.
Nigeria, Naukka
University of Nigeria
Otoiu, Adrian
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Otstavnov Nikita, S.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Hse University
Otstavnov, Stanislav S.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Hse University
Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Park, Eun-Cheol
South Korea, Seoul
Yonsei University
Pawar, Shrikant D.
United States, New Haven
Yale University
Pazoki-Toroudi, Hamidreza
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Pereira, David M.
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Perianayagam, Arokiasamy
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Pesudovs, Konrad
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Postma, Maarten Jacobus
Netherlands, Groningen
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Prada, Sergio I.
Colombia, Cali
Fundación Valle Del Lili
Colombia, Cali
Universidad Icesi
Rabiee, Mohammad Hasan
Iran, Tehran
Amirkabir University of Technology
Rabiee, Navid
Iran, Tehran
Sharif University of Technology
Rahim, Fakher
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Ahvaz
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rahman, Mosiur M.
Bangladesh, Rajshahi
University of Rajshahi
Rahmani, Amir Masoud
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Taiwan, Douliou
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Ram, Usha
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Nepal, Kathmandu
Policy Research Institute
Rathi, Priya
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Rawaf, David Laith
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
University College London Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Rawaf, Salman
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Rawal, Lal Bahadur
Australia, Rockhampton
Cquniversity Australia
Rawassizadeh, Reza
United States, Boston
Boston University
Reiner, Robert Charles
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Renzaho, Andre M.N.
Australia, Penrith
Western Sydney University
Ripon, Rezaul Karim
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Jahangirnagar University
Saad, Anas M.
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sahu, Maitreyi
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Salama, Joseph S.
United States, San Francisco
University of California, San Francisco
Salehi, Sana
United States, Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Samy, Abdallah Mohammed
Egypt, Cairo
College of Science
Sanabria, Juan Ramon
United States, Huntingdon
Marshall University
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Sanmarchi, Francesco
Italy, Bologna
Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna
Santos, João Vasco
Portugal, Porto
Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Porto
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sathian, Brijesh
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Medical Corporation
United Kingdom, Bournemouth
Bournemouth University
Savić, Miloje
Belgium, Rixensart
Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.a.
Saxena, Deepak B.
India, Gandhinagar
Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Schwendicke, Falk
Germany, Berlin
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
Unknown Affiliation
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Shahabi, Saeed
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Shaikh, Masood Ali A.
Unknown Affiliation
Sheikh, Aziz
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Shetty, Pavanchand H.
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Shibuya, Kenji
Japan, Tokyo
The University of Tokyo
Shrime, Mark G.
Ireland, Dublin
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Singh, Jasvinder A.
United States, Birmingham
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
United States, Birmingham
Birmingham va Medical Center
Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Russian Federation, Balashikha
Balashiha Central Hospital
Soltani, Shahin
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Soofi, Moslem
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. T.
Spain, Valencia
Universitat de València
Spain, Madrid
Instituto de Salud Carlos Iii
Tefera, Yonas Getaye
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan Gai
Unknown Affiliation
Topoŕ-Ma̧dry, Roman
Poland, Krakow
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Poland, Warsaw
Agency for Health Technology Assessment in Poland
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Tran, Bach Xuan
Viet Nam, Hanoi
Hanoi Medical University
Tudor Car, Lorainne
Singapore, Singapore City
Nanyang Technological University
Umar, Nasir I.
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Undurraga, Eduardo A.
Chile, Santiago
Universidad de Chile
Valdez, Pascual Rubén
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Finland, Tampere
Ukk Institute Finland
Violante, Francesco Saverio
Italy, Bologna
Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna
Italy, Bologna
Irccs Azienda Ospedaliero-universitaria Di Bologna
Vlassov, Vasily V.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Hse University
Vo, Bay
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology - Hutech
Vollmer, Sebastian
Germany, Gottingen
Georg-august-universität Göttingen
Vos, Theo
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Vu, Giang T.
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Dại Học Nguyen Tat Thanh
Wamai, Richard G.
Kenya, Nairobi
University of Nairobi
United States, Boston
Northeastern University
Werdecker, Andrea
Germany, Wiesbaden
Federal Institute for Population Research
Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
Yaya, Sanni
United Kingdom, Oxford
The George Institute, uk
Canada, Ottawa
University of Ottawa
Yip, Paul Siu Fai
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Japan, Kodaira
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Japan, Tokyo
Juntendo University
Younis, Mustafa Zeedan
United States, Jackson
Jackson State University
China, Beijing
Tsinghua University
Yu, Chuanhua
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Yunusa, Ismaeel
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Moghadam, Telma Zahirian
Iran, Ardabil
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Zandian, Hamed
Iran, Ardabil
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Zastrozhin, Michael Sergeevich
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Russian Federation, Moscow
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
Zastrozhina, Anasthasia K.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
Zhang, Zhi Jiang
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Ziapour, Arash
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Hay, Simon I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Murray, Christopher J.L.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dieleman, Joseph L.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Statistics
Citations: 71
Authors: 358
Affiliations: 328
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7
ISSN:
01406736
Research Areas
Covid
Health System And Policy