Stage of chronic kidney disease and cochlear function: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Studies have shown that hearing loss increases in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with decreasing glomerular filtration rate. The hearing loss in CKD patients may worsen over time which in turn will negatively affect the patient's ability to effectively communicate with people, resulting in low self-esteem, social isolation, anger and depression. We aimed to assess the relationship between stage of CKD and hearing threshold in patients with CKD in Kaduna. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with CKD in Kaduna. Individuals were selected consecutively using convenience sampling. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. The patients were grouped based on the stage of the disease. The pure tone audiometry was carried out using a Diagnostic Audiometer (Graphic Digi-IS, USA). The hearing threshold of the patients was then compared based on stage of the disease. The data collected was analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions, version 20. Results: Sixty CKD patients (120 ears) were assessed. Their mean age was 43.2 ± 13.4 years and 70% were males. Of the 120 ears studied, 51 (42.5%) had normal hearing thresholds and 69 (57.5%) had hearing loss. Of the 69 ears with hearing loss, 11 (15.9%), 22 (31.9%) and 36 (52.2%) were in Stage III, IV and V, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.006). All those with Stage III CKD had mild hearing loss and the hearing loss worsen with advancing stage. Stage III CKD had significantly better hearing than those with stage IV and V (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed a statistically significant relationship between advancing stage of CKD and hearing loss. The hearing loss worsen with advancing stage of CKD.