Purpose: To investigate whether there is any correlation between standard efficacy endpoints-specifically, tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival-and tumor perfusion parameters measured by using dynamic contrast material-enhanced ultrasonography (US) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with bevacizumab. Materials and: The institutional review board approved the study, and all Methods: patients provided written informed consent before their enrollment. Between June 3, 2005, and September 28, 2007, 42 patients (33 men, nine women; median age, 62 years; age range, 23-84 years) participated in this phase II study of single-agent bevacizumab treatment. Tumor response (based on RECIST [response evaluation criteria in solid tumors]) at 2 months was assessed in 37 patients, and progression-free survival and overall survival were assessed in all 42 patients. Dynamic contrast-enhanced US (ie, dynamic US) was performed before treatment (day 0); on days 3, 7, 14, and 60 after treatment; and every 2 months thereafter. Tumor perfusion parameters were estimated quantitatively from contrast material uptake curves constructed from raw linear data. The changes in dynamic US functional parameters between day 0 and the later time points were compared between treatment responders and nonresponders by using nonparametric tests. Given multiple comparisons, P >.001 indicated significance. Results: The percentage decrease in several dynamic US parameters between day 0 and day 3 showed trends toward correlation with (a) tumor response in terms of total area under the timeintensity curve (AUC) (P =.02), AUC during wash in (P =.04), AUC during washout (P =.02), and time to peak intensity (P =.03); (b) progression-free survival in terms of time to peak intensity (P =.028); and (c) overall survival in terms of AUC (P =.002) and AUC during washout (P =.003). Conclusion: Dynamic US can be used to quantify dynamic changes in tumor vascularity as early as 3 days after bevacizumab administration in patients with HCC. These early changes in tumor perfusion may be predictive of tumor response at 2 months, progression-free survival, and overall survival, and they may be potential surrogate measures of the effectiveness of antiangiogenic therapy in patients with HCC.
