Natural history of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy: A review of 96 cases

Background. Various therapeutic approaches to bronchopleural fistula have been reported. Its natural history, which may be key to the best therapeutic management, early detection, and possibly, prevention of fistula formation, has received little attention. Methods. The cases of 96 patients with bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy seen over a 13-year period (1982 to 1995) were retrospectively analyzed. Cancer, TNM stage and histology, age, sex, side and size of the fistula at primary bronchoscopic diagnosis, time of occurrence after operation (days), cause of death, and survival after fistula formation (days) were analyzed. Management consisted of bronchoscopic closure with fibrin sealant or decalcified spongy calf bone or both, repeat thoracotomy with resection of the bronchial stump, thoracoplasty, or open window thoracostomy. Results. Except for one instance, all total stump dehiscences occurred within 90 days after operation. Sixty- four patients (67%) died during the observation period; in 25, the cause of death was aspiration pneumonia. Only 2 patients who died of aspiration pneumonia had development of a fistula after 90 postoperative days. The aspiration rate dropped with increasing interval between operation and fistula occurrence (p = 0.000). Patient survival after fistula formation was positively correlated to this interval (p = 0.002). Successful fistula closure was achieved by surgical intervention in 21 patients and endoscopically in 11 patients. The overall postoperative mortality rate irrespective of treatment method was 31%. Conclusions. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia declines sharply if bronchopleural fistula occurs more than 3 months after operation. Formation of fibrothorax apparently represents a natural protection against fistula formation and subsequent fatal aspiration pneumonia. Close follow-up during the first 3 postoperative months should detect bronchopleural fistula before aspiration occurs.