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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, Volume 10, No. 3, Year 2022
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Description
Background: Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation: Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC8860753/bin/mmc1.pdf
Authors & Co-Authors
Cousin, Ewerton
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Brazil, Porto Alegre
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Duncan, Bruce Bartholow
Brazil, Porto Alegre
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Stein, Caroline
Brazil, Porto Alegre
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Ong, Kanyin Liane
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Vos, Theo
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Abbafati, Cristiana
Italy, Rome
Sapienza Università Di Roma
Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Abdelmasseh, Michael
United States, Huntingdon
Marshall University
Abdoli, Amir
Iran, Jahrom
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences
Abd-Rabu, Rami
United States, Rochester
Mayo Clinic
Abolhassani, Hassan
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman F.
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Benin, Abomey-calavi
Clinical Research Institute of Benin Ircb
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Indonesia, Bandung
Universitas Padjadjaran
Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Management and Technology Lahore
Agarwal, Gina
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Agrawaal, Krishna Kumar
Nepal, Kathmandu
Tribhuvan University
Agudelo-Botero, Marcela
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Australia, Sydney
University of Technology Sydney
Ahmad, Sajjad
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Pakistan, Peshawar
Abasyn University
Ahmad, Tauseef
China, Nanjing
Southeast University
Ahmadi, Keivan
United Kingdom, Nottingham
University of Nottingham
Ahmadi, Sepideh
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Pakistan, Peshawar
Abasyn University
Ahmadi, Ali A.
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ahmed, Ali
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway
Monash University Malaysia
Pakistan, Islamabad
Quaid-i-azam University
Salih, Yusra Ahmed
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
Sulaimani Polytechnic University
Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Akram, Tayyaba Tayyaba
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Al Hamad, Hanadi A.
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Medical Corporation
Al-Aly, Ziyad
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Department of Veterans Affairs
Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Alipour, Vahid
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Kuwait, Kuwait City
Kuwait University
Malaysia, Bangi
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad S.
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
King Abdulaziz University
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Colombia, Barranquilla
Universidad de la Costa
Colombia, Cartagena
Universidad de Cartagena
Amini, Saeed
Iran, Khomein
Khomein University of Medical Sciences
Ancuceanu, Robert
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Andrei, Tudorel
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Andrei, Câtâlina Liliana
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Anjana, Ranjit Mohan
India, Chennai
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Ansar, Adnan
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Australia, Canberra
Public Health Association of Australia
Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo
Italy, Milan
Università Degli Studi Di Milano-bicocca
Antony, Benny Samuel Eathakkattu
Australia, Hobart
University of Tasmania
Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward
Australia, Bathurst
Charles Sturt University
Arabloo, Jalal
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Arizmendi, Damian
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos
Armocida, Benedetta
Italy, Trieste
Irccs Burlo Garofolo
Artamonov, Anton A.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Russian Academy of Sciences
Arulappan, Judie
Oman, Muscat
Sultan Qaboos University
Aryan, Zahra
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
United States, Boston
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Asgari, Samaneh
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ashraf, Tahira
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Astell–burt, Thomas
Australia, Wollongong
University of Wollongong
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Atorkey, Prince
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
Australia, Newcastle
Hunter new England Nsw Health
Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi
Jordan, Amman
Philadelphia University
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Badiye, Ashish
India, Nagpur
Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur
Baig, Atif Amin
Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
Bairwa, Mohan
India, New Delhi
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, new Delhi
Baker, Jennifer L.
Denmark, Copenhagen
Bispebjerg Hospital
Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin
United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi
Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade Anhembi Morumbi
Banik, Palash Chandra
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
Barnett, Anthony
Australia, Sydney
Australian Catholic University
Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara
Belgium, Brussels
International Diabetes Federation
Barone-Adesi, Francesco
Italy, Vercelli
Università Degli Studi Del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro
Barrow, Amadou
Gambia, Serrekunda
University of the Gambia
Gambia, Kotu
Ministry of Health
Bedi, Neeraj
India, Navi Mumbai
D y Patil University, Navi Mumbai
Belete, Rebuma
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Belgaumi, U. I.
India, Karad
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University
Bell, Arielle Wilder
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United States, Boston
Tufts Medical Center
Bennett, Derrick A.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Benseñor, Isabela Judith Martins
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Beran, David Henry
Switzerland, Geneva
Université de Genève
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Bhaskar, Sonu M.M.
Australia, Sydney
Nsw Brain Clot Bank
Australia, Sydney
South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
India, Kalyani
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
India, Kolkata
University of Calcutta
Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi Sitandahi
Malaysia, Malacca
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Bijani, Ali
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Bikbov, Boris T.
Italy, Milan
Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara
Ethiopia, Semera
Samara University, Ethiopia
Bodolica, Virginia
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
American University of Sharjah
Bonny, Aimé
Cameroon, Douala
University of Douala
France, Montfermeil
Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal le Raincy - Montfermeil
Brenner, Hermann
Germany, Heidelberg
German Cancer Research Center
Briko, N. I.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Butt, Zahid A.
Canada, Waterloo
University of Waterloo
Pakistan, Rawalpindi
Al-shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano
Switzerland, Lausanne
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Instituto Universitario Del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Cao, Yin
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Cao, Chao
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Cerin, Ester
Australia, Sydney
Australian Catholic University
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo
Canada, Vancouver
The University of British Columbia
Chandan, Joht Singh
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Chen, Simiao
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Jee-Young Jasmine Choi,
South Korea, Seoul
Seoul National University Hospital
Choudhari, Sonali G.
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Chowdhury, Enayet K.
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Chu, Dinh Toi
Unknown Affiliation
Corso, Barbara
Italy, Rome
Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche
Dadras, Omid
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Thailand, Tha Sala
Walailak University
Dai, Xiaochen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Damasceno, A. Antonio Moura
Mozambique, Maputo
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
Dandona, Lalit
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Dandona, Rakhi
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto
Unknown Affiliation
De Neve, Jan Walter
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Dhamnetiya, Deepak
Unknown Affiliation
Diaz, D.
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Mexico, Culiacan
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Eftekharzadeh, Sahar
United States, Philadelphia
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Sayed, Iman El
Egypt, Alexandria
Alexandria University
Elgendy, Islam Y.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United States, Boston
Massachusetts General Hospital
Elhadi, Muhammed K.
Libya, Tripoli
University of Tripoli
Elmonem, Mohamed A.
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Feng, Xiaoqi Qi
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
China, Beijing
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Fernandes, Eduarda G.R.
Portugal, Porto
Laqv-requimte
Fischer, Florian
Germany, Weingarten
Hochschule Ravensburg-weingarten
Flood, David C.
Guatemala, Tecpán
Maya Health Alliance
United States, Ann Arbor
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Freitas, Marisa
Portugal, Porto
Laqv-requimte
Gaál, Péter Andras
Hungary, Budapest
Semmelweis Egyetem
Romania, Cluj Napoca
Sapientia Erdélyi Magyar Tudományegyetem
Gad, Mohamed M.
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
United States, Chapel Hill
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Getacher, Lemma
Ethiopia, Debre Berhan
Debre Berhan University
Ghafourifard, Mansour
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Ghanei-Gheshlagh, Reza Ganei
Iran, Sanandaj
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Ghith, Nermin
Denmark, Lyngby
Technical University of Denmark
Ghozali, Ghozali
Indonesia, Samarinda
Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur
Gill, Paramjit Singh
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
Golechha, Mahaveer Jain
India, Gandhinagar
Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
United States, Oklahoma City
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Federated States of Micronesia, Kolonia
Federated States of Micronesia
Gupta, Rajat Das
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Brac University
India, Kottayam
Mahatma Gandhi University
Gupta, Rajeev C.
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Brac University
India, Kottayam
Mahatma Gandhi University
Gupta, Vivek Kumar
Australia, Sydney
Macquarie University
Gupta, Veer Bala
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie
Netherlands, Maastricht
Universiteit Maastricht
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Halwani, Rabih
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Hanif, Asif
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Hankey, Graeme J.
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Australia, Perth
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
Haque, Shafiul
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
Egypt, Cairo
Al-azhar University
Hasan, Syed Shahzad
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
United Kingdom, Huddersfield
University of Huddersfield
Hashi, Abdiwahab
Ethiopia, Jijiga
Jigjiga University
Hassanipour, Soheil
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Hay, Simon I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Hayat, Khezar
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
China, Xi'an
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Hossain, Sahadat
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Jahangirnagar University
Hosseini, Mostafa
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hoviedamanesh, Soodabeh
Unknown Affiliation
Huang, Junjie
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Humayun, Ayesha
Unknown Affiliation
Hussain, R.
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Hwang, Bingfang
Taiwan, Taichung
China Medical University
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Ikuta, Kevin S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja
Unknown Affiliation
Iqbal, Usman
Taiwan, Taipei
Taipei Medical University
Islam, Sheikh Mohammad Shariful
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Islam, Rakibul M.
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Isola, Gaetano
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Itumalla, Ramaiah
Saudi Arabia, Hail
University of Ha'il
Iwagami, Masao
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Japan, Tsukuba
University of Tsukuba
Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi
Canada, Vancouver
The University of British Columbia
Canada, Vancouver
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences
Jahani, Mohammad Ali
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
Japan, Tokyo
Hosei University
Serbia, Kragujevac
University of Kragujevac
Jayawardena, Ranil
Sri Lanka, Colombo
University of Colombo
Australia, Brisbane
Queensland University of Technology
John, Oommen
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Jonas, Jost Bruno
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
China, Beijing
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Joó, Tamas
Hungary, Budapest
Semmelweis Egyetem
Kabir, Ali
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Kalhor, Rohollah
Iran, Qazvin
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Kamath, Ashwin
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kanchan, Tanuj
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Kandel, Himal
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Caringbah
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District
Kapoor, Neeti
India, Nagpur
Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur
Kayode, Gbenga Ayodele
Nigeria, Abuja
Institute of Human Virology - Nigeria
Netherlands, Utrecht
Universiteit Utrecht
Kebede, Sewnet Adem
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Keykhaei, Mohammad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Jordan, Irbid
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Khan, Moien A.B.
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Khan, Md Nuruzzaman
Unknown Affiliation
Khan, Maseer Adnan
Saudi Arabia, Jazan
Jazan University
Khater, Amir M.
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States
Khubchandani, Jagdish
United States, Las Cruces
New Mexico State University
Kim, Minseo
South Korea, Seoul
Sungkyunkwan University
South Korea, Seoul
Minster for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Korea
Kim, Yun-jin
Malaysia, Sepang
Xiamen University Malaysia
Kimokoti, Ruth W.
United States, Boston
Simmons University
Kisa, Sezer
Norway, Oslo
Oslomet – Storbyuniversitetet
Kisa, Adnan
Norway, Oslo
Kristiania University College
United States, New Orleans
Tulane University
Kivimaki, Mika Shipley
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Finland, Helsinki
Helsingin Yliopisto
Korzh, Oleksii M.
Ukraine, Kharkiv
Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education
Koyanagi, Ai
Spain, Madrid
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
Spain, Barcelona
Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats
Krishan, K.
India, Chandigarh
Panjab University
Kuate Defo, B.
Canada, Montreal
University of Montreal
Kumar, G. Anil
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Kumar, Nithin Narender
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kusuma, Dian
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Indonesia, Depok
Universitas Indonesia
Vecchia, Carlo La
Italy, Milan
Università Degli Studi Di Milano
Larsson, Anders Olof
Sweden, Uppsala
Uppsala Universitet
Sweden, Uppsala
Akademiska Sjukhuset
Lasrado, Savita
India, Mangalore
Fr. Muller Medical College Hospital
Lee, Weichen
United States, Galveston
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Lee, Paul H.
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Huey, Shaun Lee Wen
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway
Monash University Malaysia
Malaysia, Subang Jaya
Taylor's University Malaysia
Lim, Stephen S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Lim, Lee Ling
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Universiti Malaya
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Majeed, Azeem
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Malik, Ahmad Azam
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
King Abdulaziz University
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Mansouri, Borhan
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mantovani, Lorenzo G.
Italy, Milan
Università Degli Studi Di Milano-bicocca
Italy, Milan
Irccs Multimedica
Mathur, Prashant
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
McAlinden, Colm
United Kingdom, Swansea
Ysbyty Singleton
Mekonnen, Teferi
Norway, Oslo
Universitetet I Oslo
Menezes, Ritesh G.
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Getnet Mersha, Amanual
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Miao Jonasson, Junmei
Sweden, Gothenburg
Göteborgs Universitet
Miazgowski, Tomasz
Poland, Szczecin
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Michalek, Irmina Maria
Switzerland, Lausanne
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Mirică, Andreea Cristina
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Mirrakhimov, Erkin
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
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Mirza, Agha Zeeshan
Saudi Arabia, Makkah
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Mithra P, Prasanna P.
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Mohamadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
Iran, Shahr-e Kord
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Mohammadpourhodki, Reza
Iran, Mashhad
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Mohammed, Arif
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
University of Jeddah
Mokdad, Ali H.I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Molokhia, Mariam
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Monasta, Lorenzo
Italy, Trieste
Irccs Burlo Garofolo
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Bangladesh, Pabna
Pabna University of Science and Technology
Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah
Iran, Arak
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Mostafavi, Ebrahim
United States, Palo Alto
Stanford University
Mueller, Ulrich Otto
Germany, Wiesbaden
Federal Institute for Population Research
Murray, Christopher J.L.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Nagel, Gabriële C.
Germany, Ulm
Universität Ulm
Nangia, Vinay B.
India, Nagpur
Suraj Eye Institute
Naqvi, Atta Abbas
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Ndejjo, Rawlance
Uganda, Kampala
Makerere University
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
Cardio-aid
Nguyen, Cuong Tat
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Oancea, Bogdan
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea Din Bucuresti
Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
United States, Salt Lake City
The University of Utah
Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Ojo, Temitope Tabitha
United States, New York
New York University
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
Onwujekwe, Obinna E.
Nigeria, Naukka
University of Nigeria
Ortiz Arduan, Alberto Arduan
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Spain, Madrid
Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz
Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Pandi-perumal, Seithikurippu R.
Canada, Toronto
Somnogen Canada Inc
Pardhan, Shahina
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Anglia Ruskin University
Perianayagam, Arokiasamy
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Petcu, Ionela Roxana
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Podder, Vivek
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Bangladesh, Gazipur
Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital
Postma, Maarten Jacobus
Netherlands, Groningen
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Prashant, Akila V.
India, Mysore
Jss Academy of Higher Education & Research
Rabiee, Navid
Iran, Tehran
Sharif University of Technology
Rabiee, Mohammad Hasan
Iran, Tehran
Amirkabir University of Technology
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Australia, Ballarat
Federation University Australia
Bangladesh, Rajshahi
University of Rajshahi
Rahman, Mosiur M.
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Australia, Ballarat
Federation University Australia
Bangladesh, Rajshahi
University of Rajshahi
Ram, Pradhum
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Ranabhat, Kamal
Nepal, Kathmandu
Minister for Health and Population Nepal
Nepal, Kathmandu
Tribhuvan University
Rawaf, Salman
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Rawaf, David Laith
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
University College London Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Rawal, Lal Bahadur
Australia, Rockhampton
Cquniversity Australia
Renzaho, Andre M.N.
Australia, Penrith
Western Sydney University
Rezaei, Nima
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rezapour, Aziz
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Riahi, Seyed Mohammad
Iran, Birjand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Buendía, Jefferson Antonio
Colombia, Medellin
Universidad de Antioquia
Roever, Leonardo S.
Brazil, Uberlandia
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Rohloff, Peter J.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
Guatemala, Tecpán
Wuqu’ Kawoq Maya Health Alliance
Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara
Botswana, Gaborone
University of Botswana
Saber-Ayad, Mahmoud Mohamed
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Sabour, Siamak
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Saddik, Basema
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Iran, Mashhad
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Sahoo, Harihar
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M.
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Japan, Nagoya
Nagoya University
Salimzadeh, Hamideh
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sanabria, Juan Ramon
United States, Huntingdon
Marshall University
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sathian, Brijesh
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Medical Corporation
United Kingdom, Bournemouth
Bournemouth University
Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Schlaich, Markus Peter
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Australia, Melbourne
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
Seidu, Abdul Aziz
Ghana, Cape Coast
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Australia, Townsville
James Cook University
Nachimuthu, Senthil Kumar
India, Aizawl
Mizoram University
Shaikh, Masood Ali A.
Pakistan, Karachi
Dow University of Health Sciences Pakistan
Shamshad, H.
Pakistan, Karachi
University of Karachi
Sheikhbahaei, Sara
Unknown Affiliation
Shiri, Rahman
Finland, Helsinki
Työterveyslaitos
Singh, Jasvinder A.
United States, Birmingham
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
United States, Birmingham
Birmingham va Medical Center
Singh, Ambrish
Australia, Hobart
University of Tasmania
Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Russian Federation, Balashikha
Balashiha Central Hospital
Soheili, Amin
Iran, Semnan
Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. T.
Spain, Valencia
Universitat de València
Spain, Madrid
Instituto de Salud Carlos Iii
Tadbiri, Hooman
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University
Tadesse, Eyayou Girma
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Tariqujjaman, Md
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman
India, Kasaragod
Central University of Kerala
Rekha, T.
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Thomas, Nihal Jacob
India, Vellore
Christian Medical College, Vellore
Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan Gai
Unknown Affiliation
Tonelli, Marcello A.
Canada, Calgary
University of Calgary
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Tran, Bach Xuan
Viet Nam, Hanoi
Hanoi Medical University
Tripathy, Jaya Prasad
India, New Delhi
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Tudor Car, Lorainne
Singapore, Singapore City
Nanyang Technological University
Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Uddin, Riaz
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Australia, Brisbane
The University of Queensland
Upadhyay, Era
India, Noida
Amity University
Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel
Iran, Tehran
Milad General Hospital
Iran, Tehran
Islamic Azad University
Valdez, Pascual Rubén
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Finland, Tampere
Ukk Institute Finland
Finland, Tampere
Tampere University
Vo, Bay
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology - Hutech
Vu, Giang T.
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Dại Học Nguyen Tat Thanh
Vuković, Rade
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Serbia, Belgrade
Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia dr Vukan Cupic
Waheed, Yasir
Pakistan, Islamabad
Foundation University, Islamabad
Wamai, Richard G.
United States, Boston
Northeastern University
Kenya, Nairobi
University of Nairobi
Werdecker, Andrea
Germany, Wiesbaden
Federal Institute for Population Research
Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana
Sri Lanka, Mihintale
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Norway, Oslo
Universitetet I Oslo
Germany, Munich
Technische Universität München
Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
Xu, Xiaoyue
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh
Iran, Tehran
Milad General Hospital
Yatsuya, Hiroshi
Japan, Nagoya
Nagoya University
Japan, Toyoake
Fujita Health University
Yaya, Sanni
United Kingdom, Oxford
The George Institute, uk
Canada, Ottawa
University of Ottawa
Yazie, Taklo Simeneh
Ethiopia, Debre Tabor
Debre Tabor University
Yi, Siyan
Singapore, Singapore City
National University of Singapore
Cambodia, Phnom Penh
Khana
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Japan, Kodaira
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Japan, Tokyo
Juntendo University
Yunusa, Ismaeel
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Zadey, Siddhesh
United States, Durham
Duke University
Zaman, Sojib Bin
Australia, Clayton
Monash Health
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Zamanian, Maryam
Iran, Arak
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Zastrozhin, Michael Sergeevich
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Zastrozhina, Anasthasia K.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Rudn University
Zhang, Zhi Jiang
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Zmaili, Mohammad A.
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Zumla, A. I.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Naghavi, Mohsen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Schmidt, Maria Inês
Brazil, Porto Alegre
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Statistics
Citations: 59
Authors: 348
Affiliations: 349
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00349-1
ISSN:
22138587
Research Areas
Health System And Policy
Noncommunicable Diseases
Violence And Injury
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study