Atmospheric neutrino oscillations from upward throughgoing muon multiple scattering in MACRO

The energy of atmospheric neutrinos detected by MACRO was estimated using multiple Coulomb scattering of upward throughgoing muons. This analysis allows a test of atmospheric neutrino oscillations, relying on the distortion of the muon energy distribution. These results have been combined with those coming from the upward throughgoing muon angular distribution only. Both analyses are independent of the neutrino flux normalization and provide strong evidence, above the 4σ level, in favour of neutrino oscillations. © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.