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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
physics and astronomy
The ATLAS semiconductor tracker end-cap module
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 575, No. 3, Year 2007
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Description
The challenges for the tracking detector systems at the LHC are unprecedented in terms of the number of channels, the required read-out speed and the expected radiation levels. The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) end-caps have a total of about 3 million electronics channels each reading out every 25 ns into its own on-chip 3.3 μ s buffer. The highest anticipated dose after 10 years operation is 1.4 × 1014 cm- 2 in units of 1 MeV neutron equivalent (assuming the damage factors scale with the non-ionising energy loss). The forward tracker has 1976 double-sided modules, mostly of area ∼ 70 cm2, each having 2 × 768 strips read out by six ASICs per side. The requirement to achieve an average perpendicular radiation length of 1.5% X0, while coping with up to 7 W dissipation per module (after irradiation), leads to stringent constraints on the thermal design. The additional requirement of 1500 e- equivalent noise charge (ENC) rising to only 1800 e- ENC after irradiation, provides stringent design constraints on both the high-density Cu/Polyimide flex read-out circuit and the ABCD3TA read-out ASICs. Finally, the accuracy of module assembly must not compromise the 16 μ m (r φ) resolution perpendicular to the strip directions or 580 μ m radial resolution coming from the 40 mrad front-back stereo angle. A total of 2210 modules were built to the tight tolerances and specifications required for the SCT. This was 234 more than the 1976 required and represents a yield of 93%. The component flow was at times tight, but the module production rate of 40-50 per week was maintained despite this. The distributed production was not found to be a major logistical problem and it allowed additional flexibility to take advantage of where the effort was available, including any spare capacity, for building the end-cap modules. The collaboration that produced the ATLAS SCT end-cap modules kept in close contact at all times so that the effects of shortages or stoppages at different sites could be rapidly resolved. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Abdesselam, A.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Allport, Philip Patrick
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Alonso, Jose R.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United States, Berkeley
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Anghinolfi, Francis
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Européenne Pour la Recherche Nucléaire
Antonov, Alexei A.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Atkinson, T. M.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Bell, Paul J.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Européenne Pour la Recherche Nucléaire
Bernabéu, José
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Spain, Paterna
Csic-uv - Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Bethke, Siegfried
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Koupilová, Zdeňka
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
Buttar, Craig M.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Butterworth, Jonathan Mark
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Casse, G. L.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Chamizo-Llatas, M.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Switzerland, Geneva
Université de Genève
Cheplakov, Alexander P.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Chouridou, Sofia
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Cindro, Vladimir
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Slovenia, Ljubljana
Institut Jožef Stefan
Clark, Allan G.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Switzerland, Geneva
Université de Genève
Colijn, Auke Pieter
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Fom-institute of Subatomic Physics - Nikhef
Costa, Maria Jose
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Spain, Paterna
Csic-uv - Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Costanzo, Davide
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
de Jong, Paul D.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Fom-institute of Subatomic Physics - Nikhef
Dervan, Paul John
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Doležal, Zdeněk
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
Drásal, Zbyněk
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
Escobar, Carlos O.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Spain, Paterna
Csic-uv - Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Fadeyev, Vitaliy
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United States, Berkeley
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Fleta, C.
Spain, Madrid
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Gallop, Bruce J.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Greenall, Ashley
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Scholes, Gregory D.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Große-Knetter, Joern
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Européenne Pour la Recherche Nucléaire
Hara, Kazuhiko
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Japan, Tsukuba
University of Tsukuba
Hill, John C.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Jakobs, Karl
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Germany, Freiburg Im Breisgau
Universität Freiburg
Kramberger, Gregor
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Slovenia, Ljubljana
Institut Jožef Stefan
Lacasta, C.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Spain, Paterna
Csic-uv - Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Lee, Shihchang
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Taiwan, Nankang
Academia Sinica Taiwan
Llosá́, Gabriela
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Spain, Paterna
Csic-uv - Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Macina, Daniela
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Switzerland, Geneva
Université de Genève
Mandic̀, Igor
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Slovenia, Ljubljana
Institut Jožef Stefan
Mellado, Bruce
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United States, Madison
University of Wisconsin-madison
Melone, J. J.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Mikuz̆, Marko
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Slovenia, Ljubljana
Institut Jožef Stefan
Mitsou, Vasiliki A.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Spain, Paterna
Csic-uv - Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Moorhead, Gareth F.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Parker, Michael Andrew
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Pellegrini, Giulio
Spain, Madrid
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Phillips, Peter W.B.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Didcot
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Pospišíl, Stanislav
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Czech Republic, Prague
Czech Technical University in Prague
Postranecky, Martin
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Ratoff, Peter
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Lancaster
Lancaster University
Sadrozinski, Hartmut F.W.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Sandaker, Heidi
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Norway, Oslo
Universitetet I Oslo
Schieck, Jochen R.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Seiden, Abraham
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Smith, N. A.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Snow, S. W.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Manchester
The University of Manchester
Stugu, Bjarne
Spain, Madrid
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Teng, Pingkun
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Taiwan, Nankang
Academia Sinica Taiwan
Thompson, R. J.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Manchester
The University of Manchester
Unno, Yoshinobu
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Japan, Tsukuba
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba
van der Kraaij, Erik
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Fom-institute of Subatomic Physics - Nikhef
Warren, Matthew R.M.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Wilson, John Allan
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Wormald, Michael P.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Statistics
Citations: 131
Authors: 66
Affiliations: 36
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.019
ISSN:
01689002
Research Areas
Cancer