An overview of the use of water-stable metal-organic frameworks in the removal of cadmium ion

Due to environmental concerns and the potential hazards and risks of cadmium, its removal from aquatic habitats has become a serious concern. Chemists and ecological experts are increasingly interested in the adsorption method as one of the most effective methods of removing pollutants. However, one problem is developing and manufacturing more effective adsorbents and preparing them to be more environmentally friendly and safe. Metal-organic framework (MOF), a unique three-dimensional porous and crystalline organic-inorganic cluster complex has recently received much press for its ability to adsorb cadmium ion pollutants from aqueous solutions. Active metal sites, flexible topology, high or adjustable porosity, high specific surface area, chemical functionality, and pore topologies are all features of these materials. Recent advances in MOF-based materials as improved adsorbents for cadmium ion removal are summarized and reviewed in this review. The disadvantages of heavy metals, particularly cadmium, are discussed, as are MOFs' essential properties and preparation methods. The use of MOFs and their composites and nanofiber membranes in cadmium removal are then investigated. Then, different MOFs were compared in terms of their properties and mechanisms for cadmium ion removal. Finally, the future perspective of MOFs in the removal of environmental contaminants was discussed. In conclusion, the research gap and limitations of MOF adsorbents in practical applications are discussed, as are possible remediation techniques that could be used in future research for the advanced design and development of cost-effective and efficient MOF for metal ion remediation.