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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Viremia, resuppression, and time to resistance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype C during first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 49, No. 12, Year 2009
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Description
Background. Episodes of viremia are common in African antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs. We sought to describe viremia, resuppression, and accumulation of resistance during first-line combination ART (cART) in South Africa. Methods. Retrospective analysis of a cohort receiving zidovudine, lamivudine, and either efavirenz or nevirapine with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA monitoring every 6 months. We assessed viremia (HIV RNA >1000 copies/mL after initial HIV RNA response) and resuppression (HIV RNA <400 copies/mL after viremia). Genotypic resistance testing was performed using stored plasma on a subset of patients at first detection of viremia and subsequently among patients with persistent viremia. Results. Between 2002 and 2006, 3727 patients initiated cART (median CD4, 147 cells/mm3). Of 1007 patients who developed viremia, 815 had subsequent HIV RNA assays, and 331 (41%) of these resuppressed without regimen switch. At identification of viremia, 45 (66%) of 68 patients had HIV-1 drug resistance, 42 (62%) had nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistance, 25 (37%) had M184V/I, and 4 (6%) had multinucleoside analogue drug mutations. By 12 months of persistent viremia among a subset of 14 patients with resistance testing to 12 months, 11 (78%) had nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistance, 8 (57%) had M184V/I, and 2 (14%) had multi-nucleoside analogue drug mutations. Resistance was associated with a reduced probability of resuppression; however, 50% of patients with NNRTI resistance resuppressed while receiving an NNRTI. Conclusions. The majority of patients had NNRTI resistance mutations at detection of viremia. However, 41% resuppressed without regimen switch. Our findings support maximizing first-line use while minimizing risk of significant cross-resistance by implementing intensive adherence support and repeat HIV RNA testing 3-6 months after detecting viremia, with regimen switch only if viremia persists. © 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Hoffmann, Christopher J.
Unknown Affiliation
Charalambous, Salome
Unknown Affiliation
Sim, John
Unknown Affiliation
Ledwaba, Johanna
Unknown Affiliation
Schwikkard, Graham
Unknown Affiliation
Chaisson, Richard E.
Unknown Affiliation
Fielding, Katherine Linda
Unknown Affiliation
Churchyard, Gavin John
Unknown Affiliation
Morris, Lynn
Unknown Affiliation
Grant, Alison D.
Unknown Affiliation
Statistics
Citations: 130
Authors: 10
Affiliations: 7
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1086/648444
ISSN:
10584838
Research Areas
Infectious Diseases
Study Design
Cohort Study
Study Locations
South Africa