What Makes Health Systems Research in Developing Countries Ethical? Application of the Emanuel Framework for Clinical Research to Health Systems Research

The growing importance of health systems research has opened debate about appropriate ethical frameworks and guidelines for the ethical review and conduct of health systems research. In this article we consider a detailed proposal from Hyder et al. (2014) and consider it in relation to the conventional criteria for ethics review of clinical research outlined by Emanuel et al. (2004; 2008) and argue that the Emanuel criteria can be usefully applied to the review of health systems research to supplement the Hyder et al. proposals. We argue further that health systems researchers and reviewers would benefit from many of the debates that have characterized the ethics of clinical research over the past three decades. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd