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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
agricultural and biological sciences
Genetic analyses of HIV-1 env sequences demonstrate limited compartmentalization in breast milk and suggest viral replication within the breast that increases with mastitis
Journal of Virology, Volume 84, No. 20, Year 2010
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Description
The concentration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is generally lower in breast milk than in blood. Mastitis, or inflammation of the breast, is associated with increased levels of milk HIV-1 and risk of mother-to-child transmission through breastfeeding. We hypothesized that mastitis facilitates the passage of HIV-1 from blood into milk or stimulates virus production within the breast. HIV-1 env sequences were generated from single amplicons obtained from breast milk and blood samples in a cross-sectional study. Viral compartmentalization was evaluated using several statistical methods, including the Slatkin and Maddison (SM) test. Mastitis was defined as an elevated milk sodium (Na+) concentration. The association between milk Na+ and the pairwise genetic distance between milk and blood viral sequences was modeled using linear regression. HIV-1 was compartmentalized within milk by SM testing in 6/17 (35%) specimens obtained from 9 women, but all phylogenetic clades included viral sequences from milk and blood samples. Monotypic sequences were more prevalent in milk samples than in blood samples (22% versus 13%; P = 0.012), which accounted for half of the compartmentalization observed. Mastitis was not associated with compartmentalization by SM testing (P = 0.621), but Na+ was correlated with greater genetic distance between milk and blood HIV-1 populations (P = 0.041). In conclusion, local production of HIV-1 within the breast is suggested by compartmentalization of virus and a higher prevalence of monotypic viruses in milk specimens. However, phylogenetic trees demonstrate extensive mixing of viruses between milk and blood specimens. HIV-1 replication in breast milk appears to increase with inflammation, contributing to higher milk viral loads during mastitis. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Gantt, Soren M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
United States, Seattle
Seattle Children's Hospital
Carlsson, Jacquelyn
United States, Seattle
Seattle Children's Hospital
Heath, Laura M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Bull, Marta E.
United States, Seattle
Seattle Children's Hospital
Shetty, Avinash K.
United States, Winston Salem
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Mutsvangwa, Junior
Zimbabwe, Harare
Biomedical Research and Training Institute Harare
Musingwini, Georgina
Zimbabwe, Harare
University of Zimbabwe
Woelk, Godfrey B.
Zimbabwe, Harare
University of Zimbabwe
Zijenah, Lynn Sodai
Zimbabwe, Harare
University of Zimbabwe
Katzenstein, David A.
United States, Palo Alto
Stanford University
Mullins, James I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Frenkel, Lisa M.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
United States, Seattle
Seattle Children's Hospital
Statistics
Citations: 38
Authors: 12
Affiliations: 6
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1128/JVI.00543-10
ISSN:
0022538X
e-ISSN:
10985514
Research Areas
Genetics And Genomics
Infectious Diseases
Maternal And Child Health
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Study Approach
Quantitative
Participants Gender
Female