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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination
eBioMedicine, Volume 96, Article 104799, Year 2023
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Description
Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health. © 2023 The Authors
Authors & Co-Authors
Laurens, Matthew B.
United States, Baltimore
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Huang, Ying
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Yu, Chenchen
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Rodriguez, Carina Adriana
United States, Tampa
University of South Florida, Tampa
Maboa, Rebone Molobane
Unknown Affiliation
Baden, Lindsey Robert R.
United States, Boston
Brigham and Women's Hospital
El-Sahly, Hana Mohammed
United States, Houston
Baylor College of Medicine
Grinsztejn, Beatriz Gilda Jegerhorn
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Gray, Glenda E.
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
Gay, Cynthia L.
United States, Chapel Hill
Unc School of Medicine
Gilbert, Peter B.
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Janes, Holly E.
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Kublin, James G.
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Huang, Yunda
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Leav, Brett A.
United States, Cambridge
Moderna Therapeutics
Hirsch, Ian
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Astrazeneca
Struyf, Frank
Belgium, Beerse
Janssen Research & Development
Dunkle, Lisa M.
United States, Gaithersburg
Novavax, Inc.
Neuzil, Kathleen Maletic
United States, Baltimore
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Corey, Lawrence
United States, Seattle
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Goepfert, Paul A.
United States, Birmingham
Heersink School of Medicine
Walsh, Stephen R.
United States, Boston
Harvard Medical School
Follmann, Dean A.
United States, Bethesda
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Niaid
Kotloff, Karen L.
United States, Baltimore
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Rankin, Bruce G.
Unknown Affiliation
Poling, Terry L.
Unknown Affiliation
Bauer, Georg H.
Unknown Affiliation
Sherman, Amy Caryn
Unknown Affiliation
García, Edgar Fernando Hernández
Unknown Affiliation
Denham, Douglas Scott
Unknown Affiliation
Wilkin, Timothy J.
Unknown Affiliation
Andrasik, Michele Peake
Unknown Affiliation
Andriesen, Jessica G.
Unknown Affiliation
Broder, Gail B.
Unknown Affiliation
Eaton, Niles
Unknown Affiliation
Michael, Nelson L.
Unknown Affiliation
Robb, Merlin Lee
Unknown Affiliation
Sopher, Carrie J.
Unknown Affiliation
Rouphael, Nadine G.
Unknown Affiliation
Edupuganti, Srilatha
Unknown Affiliation
Anderson, Evan J.
Unknown Affiliation
Diemert, David Joseph
Unknown Affiliation
Malkin, Elissa M.
Unknown Affiliation
Siegel, Marc Oliver
Unknown Affiliation
Balani, Bindu
Unknown Affiliation
Zervos, Marcus John
Unknown Affiliation
Ramesh, Mayur S.
Unknown Affiliation
Herc, Erica S.
Unknown Affiliation
Patel, Alpa V.
Unknown Affiliation
Kennelly, Christina C.
Unknown Affiliation
Díaz González, Cecilia
Unknown Affiliation
Jackson, Lisa A.
Unknown Affiliation
Brown, Jeremy Philip
Unknown Affiliation
O'Brien, Alison D.
Unknown Affiliation
Eder, Frank S.
Unknown Affiliation
Essink, Brandon J.
Unknown Affiliation
Vrbicky, Keith W.
Unknown Affiliation
Makhene, Mamodikoe K.
Unknown Affiliation
Swaminathan, Shobha
Unknown Affiliation
Nyaku, Amesika N.
Unknown Affiliation
Abate, Getahun
Unknown Affiliation
Hoft, Daniel Fredric
Unknown Affiliation
Sheth, Neil Perry
Unknown Affiliation
Clark, Jesse Lawton
Unknown Affiliation
Shoptaw, Steven J.
Unknown Affiliation
Spector, Stephen A.
Unknown Affiliation
Moodley, Amaran
Unknown Affiliation
Blumenthal, Jill S.
Unknown Affiliation
Mullane, Kathleen M.
Unknown Affiliation
Fichtenbaum, Carl J.
Unknown Affiliation
Campbell, Thomas B.
Unknown Affiliation
Novak, Richard M.
Unknown Affiliation
Alcaide, María Luisa
Unknown Affiliation
Frank, Ian D.
Unknown Affiliation
Martin, Judith Marie
Unknown Affiliation
Rupp, Richard E.
Unknown Affiliation
Creech, Clarence Buddy
Unknown Affiliation
Samuels, Robert J.
Unknown Affiliation
Lucksinger, Gregg Hudson
Unknown Affiliation
Overcash, Jeffrey Scott
Unknown Affiliation
Feldman, Gregory J.
Unknown Affiliation
Sanders, John Walton
Unknown Affiliation
Levin, Michael L.
Unknown Affiliation
Han-Conrad, Laurie J.
Unknown Affiliation
Andes, David R.
Unknown Affiliation
Arduino, Roberto C.
Unknown Affiliation
Bazan, José Antonio
Unknown Affiliation
Bedimo, Roger J.
Unknown Affiliation
Bernstein, David Isaac
Unknown Affiliation
Carmody, Ellie R.
Unknown Affiliation
Carsons, Steven E.
Unknown Affiliation
Castro, Mario
Unknown Affiliation
Conway, James H.
Unknown Affiliation
Curlin, Marcel E.
Unknown Affiliation
Dietz, Craig Allan
Unknown Affiliation
Ellerbeck, Edward F.
Unknown Affiliation
Fitz-Patrick, David
Unknown Affiliation
Fogarty, Charles M.
Unknown Affiliation
Frenck, Robert W.
Unknown Affiliation
Hamilton, Holli A.
Unknown Affiliation
Hosek, Sybil G.
Unknown Affiliation
Jones-López, Edward C.
Unknown Affiliation
Justman, Jessica E.
Unknown Affiliation
Keefer, Michael C.
Unknown Affiliation
Koletar, Susan Lynn
Unknown Affiliation
Laguio-Vila, Maryrose R.
Unknown Affiliation
Landovitz, Raphael J.
Unknown Affiliation
Luetkemeyer, Anne F.
Unknown Affiliation
Lugogo, Njira Lucia
Unknown Affiliation
Maenza, Janine R.
Unknown Affiliation
Malvestutto, Carlos D.
Unknown Affiliation
Maves, Ryan C.
Unknown Affiliation
Mayer, Kenneth H.
Unknown Affiliation
McElrath, Margaret Juliana
Unknown Affiliation
Meyerowitz, Eric Allan
Unknown Affiliation
Monaco, Cynthia L.
Unknown Affiliation
Munsiff, Sonal S.
Unknown Affiliation
Okulicz, Jason F.
Unknown Affiliation
Madan, Rebecca Pellett
Unknown Affiliation
Purpura, Lawrence J.
Unknown Affiliation
Raabe, Vanessa N.
Unknown Affiliation
Recuenco, Sergio E.
Unknown Affiliation
Riddler, Sharon A.
Unknown Affiliation
Scott, Hyman M.
Unknown Affiliation
Sha, Beverly E.
Unknown Affiliation
Shankaran, Shivanjali
Unknown Affiliation
Shapiro, Adrienne E.
Unknown Affiliation
Sims, Matthew D.
Unknown Affiliation
Striker, Rob T.
Unknown Affiliation
Talaat, Kawsar R.
Unknown Affiliation
van Tieu, Hong
Unknown Affiliation
Torres, Juan Pablo
Unknown Affiliation
Treanor, John J.
Unknown Affiliation
Ulrich, Robert J.
Unknown Affiliation
Utz, Gregory C.
Unknown Affiliation
Walsh, Edward E.
Unknown Affiliation
Walter, Emmanuel B.
Unknown Affiliation
Gorman, Richard L.
Unknown Affiliation
Swann, Edith M.
Unknown Affiliation
Takuva, Simbarashe G.
Unknown Affiliation
Greninger, Alexander L.
Unknown Affiliation
Roychoudhury, Pavitra
Unknown Affiliation
Coombs, Robert W.
Unknown Affiliation
Jerome, Keith R.
Unknown Affiliation
Castellino, Flora
Unknown Affiliation
Pavetto, Corrina
Unknown Affiliation
Tong, Tina
Unknown Affiliation
Fay, Michael P.
Unknown Affiliation
Nnadi, Chimeremma D.
Unknown Affiliation
Coplan, Paul M.
Unknown Affiliation
Vingerhoets, Johan H.
Unknown Affiliation
Hendriks, Jenny A.
Unknown Affiliation
van Roey, Griet A.
Unknown Affiliation
Heerwegh, Dirk
Unknown Affiliation
Ruíz-Palacios, Guillermo Miguel
Unknown Affiliation
Reyes Fentanes, María José
Unknown Affiliation
Ruíz-Herrera, Vida Verónica
Unknown Affiliation
Riesenberg, Robert A.
Unknown Affiliation
Atmar, Robert L.
Unknown Affiliation
Horwith, Gary S.
Unknown Affiliation
Stephenson, Kathryn E.
Unknown Affiliation
Zash, Rebecca Marie
Unknown Affiliation
Brandon, Donald M.
Unknown Affiliation
Dever, Michael E.
Unknown Affiliation
Scott, T.
Unknown Affiliation
Ketter, Nzeera
Unknown Affiliation
Hepburn, Matthew J.
Unknown Affiliation
Maxwell, Celia J.
Unknown Affiliation
Safirstein, Beth Emmie
Unknown Affiliation
Flume, Patrick A.
Unknown Affiliation
Jeanfreau, Robert J.
Unknown Affiliation
Berthaud, Vladimir
Unknown Affiliation
Mirsaeidi, Mehdi
Unknown Affiliation
Immergluck, Lilly Cheng
Unknown Affiliation
Johnson, Erica L.
Unknown Affiliation
Marovich, Mary Anne
Unknown Affiliation
Hutter, Julia
Unknown Affiliation
Nason, Martha C.
Unknown Affiliation
Ledgerwood, Julie E.
Unknown Affiliation
Mascola, John R.
Unknown Affiliation
Áñez, Germán J.
Unknown Affiliation
Albert, Gary
Unknown Affiliation
Reed, Patricia
Unknown Affiliation
Woo, Wayne
Unknown Affiliation
Cho, Iksung
Unknown Affiliation
Glenn, Gregory M.
Unknown Affiliation
Dubovsky, Filip
Unknown Affiliation
Cannon, Kevin D.
Unknown Affiliation
Kelley, Colleen F.
Unknown Affiliation
Chung, Michael Thomas
Unknown Affiliation
Rodriguez, Jessica
Unknown Affiliation
Nachman, Sharon A.
Unknown Affiliation
Turley, Christine B.
Unknown Affiliation
Tashima, Karen T.
Unknown Affiliation
Johnson, Jennifer A.
Unknown Affiliation
Sánchez, Martha García
Unknown Affiliation
Statistics
Authors: 196
Affiliations: 18
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799
ISSN:
23523964
Research Areas
Covid
Environmental
Health System And Policy
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Cohort Study