Antihypertensives suppress the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in pneumococci: An in vitro study

Background: The antihypertensives reserpine and verapamil are also inhibitors of pneumococcal efflux pumps. We addressed the following questions: (i) Do verapamil and reserpine influence the mutation ratio of pneumococci in the presence of ciprofloxacin? (ii) At which concentrations does this occur? (iii) Is this limited to isolates with efflux phenotype? Methods: 14 clinical isolates, nested in 6 genetically similar clusters, were used, 7 strains with efflux and 7 without. The mutation ratio in the presence of ciprofloxacin (3×MIC) and increasing concentrations of reserpine and verapamil was determined and the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDR) of selected mutants were sequenced. Analysis of the efficacy was performed using a mixed linear model, supported by descriptive statistics. Results: Reserpine and verapamil reduced the mutation ratio of QRDR in the presence of ciprofloxacin with the required concentration for a reduction ≥50% of 1. mg/l for reserpine and 50. mg/l for verapamil. The mutation prevention effect is not limited to, but is more pronounced in efflux positive phenotypes. Conclusion: Reserpine and verapamil can prevent the selection of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates by reduction of the mutation ratio, particularly in strain with an efflux phenotype. However, the required concentrations are too toxic for clinical use. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.