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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
The international limits and population at risk of Plasmodium vivax transmission in 2009
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Volume 4, No. 8, Article e774, Year 2010
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Description
Background: A research priority for Plasmodium vivax malaria is to improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of risk and its relationship with the burden of P. vivax disease in human populations. The aim of the research outlined in this article is to provide a contemporary evidence-based map of the global spatial extent of P. vivax malaria, together with estimates of the human population at risk (PAR) of any level of transmission in 2009. Methodology: The most recent P. vivax case-reporting data that could be obtained for all malaria endemic countries were used to classify risk into three classes: malaria free, unstable (<0.1 case per 1,000 people per annum (p.a.)) and stable (≥0.1 case per 1,000 p.a.) P. vivax malaria transmission. Risk areas were further constrained using temperature and aridity data based upon their relationship with parasite and vector bionomics. Medical intelligence was used to refine the spatial extent of risk in specific areas where transmission was reported to be absent (e.g., large urban areas and malaria-free islands). The PAR under each level of transmission was then derived by combining the categorical risk map with a high resolution population surface adjusted to 2009. The exclusion of large Duffy negative populations in Africa from the PAR totals was achieved using independent modelling of the gene frequency of this genetic trait. It was estimated that 2.85 billion people were exposed to some risk of P. vivax transmission in 2009, with 57.1% of them living in areas of unstable transmission. The vast majority (2.59 billion, 91.0%) were located in Central and South East (CSE) Asia, whilst the remainder were located in America (0.16 billion, 5.5%) and in the Africa+ region (0.10 billion, 3.5%). Despite evidence of ubiquitous risk of P. vivax infection in Africa, the very high prevalence of Duffy negativity throughout Central and West Africa reduced the PAR estimates substantially. Conclusions: After more than a century of development and control, P. vivax remains more widely distributed than P. falciparum and is a potential cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the 2.85 billion people living at risk of infection, the majority of whom are in the tropical belt of CSE Asia. The probability of infection is reduced massively across Africa by the frequency of the Duffy negative trait, but transmission does occur on the continent and is a concern for Duffy positive locals and travellers. The final map provides the spatial limits on which the endemicity of P. vivax transmission can be mapped to support future cartographic-based burden estimations. © 2010 Guerra et al.
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2914753/bin/pntd.0000774.s001.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2914753/bin/pntd.0000774.s002.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2914753/bin/pntd.0000774.s003.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2914753/bin/pntd.0000774.s004.doc
Authors & Co-Authors
Guerra, Carlos A.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Howes, Rosalind E.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Patil, Anand Prabhakar
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Gething, Peter W.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
van Boeckel, Thomas P.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Belgium, Brussels
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Temperley, William H.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Kabaria, Caroline W.
Kenya, Nairobi
Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories Nairobi
Tatem, Andrew J.
United States, Gainesville
University of Florida
Manh, Bui Huu
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Elyazar, Iqbal R.F.
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Baird, John Kevin
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
United Kingdom, Oxford
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Snow, Robert William
Kenya, Nairobi
Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories Nairobi
United Kingdom, Oxford
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Hay, Simon I.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Statistics
Citations: 472
Authors: 13
Affiliations: 6
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1371/journal.pntd.0000774
Research Areas
Genetics And Genomics
Infectious Diseases
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Study Locations
Multi-countries