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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014–2017: A case-control study
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Volume 12, No. 6, Article e0006571, Year 2018
Notification
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Description
Background: Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji, with high reported annual incidence. We sought to identify the sources and modes of transmission of typhoid fever in Fiji with the aim to inform disease control. Methodology/Principal findings: We identified and surveyed patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through January 2017. For each typhoid fever case we matched two controls by age interval, gender, ethnicity, and residential area. Univariable and multivariable analysis were used to evaluate associations between exposures and risk for typhoid fever. We enrolled 175 patients with typhoid fever and 349 controls. Of the cases, the median (range) age was 29 (2–67) years, 86 (49%) were male, and 84 (48%) lived in a rural area. On multivariable analysis, interrupted water availability (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–4.00), drinking surface water in the last 2 weeks (OR = 3.61; 95% CI 1.44–9.06), eating unwashed produce (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.48–4.91), and having an unimproved or damaged sanitation facility (OR = 4.30; 95% CI 1.14–16.21) were significantly associated with typhoid fever. Frequent handwashing after defecating (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.35–0.93) and using soap for handwashing (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.37–0.95) were independently associated with a lower odds of typhoid fever. Conclusions: Poor sanitation facilities appear to be a major source of Salmonella Typhi in Fiji, with transmission by drinking contaminated surface water and consuming unwashed produce. Improved sanitation facilities and protection of surface water sources and produce from contamination by human feces are likely to contribute to typhoid control in Fiji. © 2018 Prasad et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC6010302/bin/pntd.0006571.s001.docx
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC6010302/bin/pntd.0006571.s002.docx
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC6010302/bin/pntd.0006571.s003.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC6010302/bin/pntd.0006571.s004.docx
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC6010302/bin/pntd.0006571.s005.docx
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC6010302/bin/pntd.0006571.s006.docx
Authors & Co-Authors
Kama, Mike
Fiji, Suva
Fiji Ministry of Health
Jenkins, Kylie M.
Australia, Perth
Telethon Kids Institute
Saha, Debasish
New Zealand, Dunedin
University of Otago
Horwitz, Pierre H.J.
Australia, Perth
Edith Cowan University
Jupiter, Stacy D.
Fiji, Suva
Wildlife Conservation Society
Strugnell, Richard A.
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Mulholland, Edward Kim
Australia, Melbourne
Murdoch Children's Research Institute
Crump, John A.
New Zealand, Dunedin
University of Otago
Statistics
Citations: 25
Authors: 8
Affiliations: 9
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571
ISSN:
19352727
Research Areas
Environmental
Health System And Policy
Infectious Diseases
Study Design
Cohort Study
Case-Control Study
Participants Gender
Male