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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: A pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331 288 participants
The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, Volume 3, No. 8, Year 2015
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Description
Background: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods: We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA1c (HbA1c ≥6·5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG ≥7·0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT ≥11·1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings: Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r=0·98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA1c was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42·8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41·6%; in the other 15·6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA1c-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA1c 6·5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52·8% (95% CI 51·3-54·3%) and a pooled specificity of 99·74% (99·71-99·78%) compared with FPG 7·0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30·5% (28·7-32·3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA1c versus FPG. Interpretation: Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA1c-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test. © 2015 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration.
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC4673089/bin/mmc1.pdf
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC4673089/bin/mmc2.mp3
Authors & Co-Authors
Danaei, Goodarz
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Fahimi, Saman
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Lu, Yuan
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Zhou, Bin
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Hajifathalian, Kaveh
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Di Cesare, Mariachiara
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Lo, Wei Cheng
Taiwan, Taipei
National Taiwan University
Reis-Santos, Bárbara
Brazil, Pelotas
Universidade Federal de Pelotas
Cowan, Melanie J.
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Shaw, Jonathan E.
Australia, Melbourne
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
Bentham, James
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Lin, John Kent
United States, San Francisco
University of California, San Francisco
Bixby, Honor
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Magliano, Dianna J.
Australia, Melbourne
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
Bovet, Pascal
Switzerland, Lausanne
Université de Lausanne Unil
Seychelles, Mahe
Ministry of Health Seychelles
Miranda, J. Jaime
Peru, Lima
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Khang, Young-ho
South Korea, Seoul
Seoul National University
Stevens, Gretchen Anna
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Riley, Leanne Margaret
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Ali, Mohammed Kumail
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Ezzati, Majid Hassanpour
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Khalid, Bin Abdul Kadir
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway
Monash University Malaysia
Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E.
Palestine, Birzeit
Birzeit University
Acosta, Benjamín
Mexico, Mexico
Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social
Aekplakorn, Wichai
Thailand, Nakhon Pathom
Mahidol University
Aguilar Salinas, Carlos A.
Mexico, Tlalpan
Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran
Ahmadvand, Alireza
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Al-Nsour, Mohannad Abed Alfattah
Jordan, Amman
Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network
Alkerwi, Ala'a Al A.
Luxembourg, Strassen
Luxembourg Institute of Health
Amouyel, Philippe
France, Lille
Université de Lille
Andersen, Lars Bo O.
Denmark, Odense
Syddansk Universitet
Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred
Norway, Oslo
Norges Idrettshøgskole
Andrade, Dolores S.
Ecuador, Cuenca
University of Cuenca
Anjana, Ranjit Mohan
India, Chennai
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer
Tunisia, Tunis
National Institute of Public Health
Aris, Tahir Bin
Malaysia, Putrajaya
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
Arlappa, Nimmathota
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Arveiler, Dominique
France
Strasbourg University and Hospital
Assah, Felix Kembe
Cameroon, Yaounde
Health of Population in Transition Research Group Hopit
Avdićová, Mária
Slovakia, Banska Bystrica
Regional Authority of Public Health
Balakrishna, Nagalla
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Bandosz, Piotr
Poland, Gdansk
Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny
Barbagallo, Carlo Maria
Italy, Palermo
Università Degli Studi Di Palermo
Alberto Barceló,
United States, Washington, D.c.
Pan American Health Organization
Batieha, Anwar M.
Jordan, Irbid
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Baur, Louise Alison
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Ben Romdhane, Habiba
Tunisia, Tunis
Université de Tunis el Manar
Bernabe-Ortiz, A.
Peru, Lima
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Bhargava, Santosh Kumar
India, New Delhi
Sunder Lal Jain Hospital
Bi, Yufang
China, Shanghai
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
Bjerregaard, Peter
Denmark, Odense
Syddansk Universitet
Greenland, Nuussuaq
University of Greenland
Björkelund, Cecilia V.
Sweden, Gothenburg
Göteborgs Universitet
Blake, Margaret
United Kingdom, London
Natcen Social Research
Blokstra, Anneke
Netherlands, Bilthoven
Rijksinstituut Voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
Bo, Simona
Italy, Turin
Università Degli Studi Di Torino
Böehm, Bernhard Otto
Singapore, Singapore City
Nanyang Technological University
Boissonnet, Carlos Pablo
Argentina, Mar de Plata
Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas
Brajkovich, Imperia
Venezuela, Caracas
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Breckenkamp, Jürgen
Germany, Bielefeld
Universität Bielefeld
Brewster, Lizzy M.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Brian, Garry R.
New Zealand, Auckland
Fred Hollows Foundation, new Zealand
Bruno, Graziella A.
Italy, Turin
Università Degli Studi Di Torino
Bugge, Anna
Denmark, Odense
Syddansk Universitet
Cabrera de Léon, Antonio
Spain, Tenerife
Canarian Health Service
Can, Günay
Turkey, Istanbul
Istanbul University-cerrahpasa
Cândido, Ana Paula C.
Brazil, Pelotas
Universidade Federal de Pelotas
Capuano, Vincenzo
Italy
Reparto Di Cardiologia ed Utic Di Mercato S.
Carvalho, Maria J.
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Casanueva, Felipe F.F.
Spain, Santiago de Compostela
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Caserta, Carmelo Antonio
Italy, Reggio Calabria
Associazione Calabrese Di Epatologia
Castetbon, Katia
France
French Institute for Health Surveillance
Chamukuttan, Snehalatha
India, Chennai
India Diabetes Research Foundation
Chaturvedi, Nishi
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Chen, Chien-Jen Jong
Taiwan, Nankang
Academia Sinica Taiwan
Chen, Fangfang
China, Beijing
Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Chen, Shuohua
China, Tangshan
Kailuan General Hospital
Cheng, Ching Yu
Singapore, Singapore City
Duke-nus Medical School
Chêtrit, Angela B.
Israel, Tel Hashomer
The Gertner Institute
Chiou, Shuti
Taiwan, Taipei
Ministry of Health and Welfare
Cho, Yumi
South Korea, Cheongju
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
Chudek, Jerzy
Poland, Katowice
Slaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
Cífková, Renata
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
Claessens, Frank
Belgium, Leuven
Ku Leuven
Concin, H.
Austria
Agency for Preventive
Cooper, Cyrus C.
United Kingdom, Southampton
University of Southampton
Cooper, Rachel
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Costanzo, Simona
Italy
Irccs Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed
Cottel, Dominique
France, Lille
Institut Pasteur de Lille
Cowell, Christopher T.
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Crujeiras, Ana Belen
Spain, Madrid
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición
D'Arrigo, Graziella
Italy, Rome
Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche
Dallongeville, Jean
France, Lille
Institut Pasteur de Lille
Dankner, R. S.
Israel, Tel Hashomer
The Gertner Institute
Dauchet, Luc
France, Lille
Chu Lille
de Gaetano, Giovanni M.D.
Italy
Irccs Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed
De-Henauw, Stefaan D.
Belgium, Ghent
Universiteit Gent
Deepa, Mohan
India, Chennai
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Dehghan, Abbas
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Mc
Dhana, Klodian
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Mc
Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F.
Italy
Irccs Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed
Djalalinia, Shirin S.
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Doua, Kouamelan
Cote D'ivoire, Abidjan
Ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida
Drygas, Wojciech K.
Unknown Affiliation
Egbagbe, Eruke Elizabeth
Nigeria, Benin
University of Benin
Ati, Jalila El
Unknown Affiliation
Elosua, Roberto
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Del Mar
Erasmus, Rajiv Timothy
South Africa, Stellenbosch
Stellenbosch University
Ergor, Gul
Turkey, Izmir
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
Eriksen, Louise
Denmark, Odense
Syddansk Universitet
Escobedo, Jorge
Mexico, Mexico
Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social
Fall, Caroline H.D.
United Kingdom, Southampton
Mrc Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit
Farzadfar, Farshad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ferguson, Trevor S.
Jamaica, Kingston
The University of the West Indies
Ferrari, Marika
Unknown Affiliation
Ferreccio, Catterina R.
Chile, Santiago
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Fouad, Heba M.
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Francis, Damian K.
Jamaica, Kingston
The University of the West Indies
Franco, Oscar H.
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Mc
Frontera, Guillem
Spain, Palma
Hospital Universitario Son Espases
Gaciong, Zbigniew A.
Poland, Warsaw
Medical University of Warsaw
Galbarczyk, Andrzej
Poland, Krakow
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Gaspoz, Jean Michel
Switzerland, Geneva
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève
Geleijnse, Johanna Marianna
Netherlands, Wageningen
Wageningen University & Research
Giampaoli, Simona
Italy, Rome
Istituto Superiore Di Sanita
González-Gross, Marcela M.
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Gottrand, Frédéric
France, Lille
Université de Lille
Grodzicki, Tomasz K.
Poland, Krakow
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Gu, Dongfeng
Unknown Affiliation
Guessous, Idris
Switzerland, Geneva
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève
Guimarães, André Luiz Sena
Brazil, Montes Claros
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros
Gutierrez, Laura E.
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy
Hardy, Rebecca J.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
He, Jiang Y.
United States, New Orleans
Tulane University
Heidemann, Christin
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Ho, Daniel Sai Yin
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
Hofman, Albert
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Mc
Horta, Bernardo Lessa
Brazil, Pelotas
Universidade Federal de Pelotas
Houti, Leïla
Algeria, Oran
Université Oran 1
Huybrechts, Inge
France, Lyon
Centre International de Recherche Sur le Cancer
Hwalla, Nahla C.
Lebanon, Beirut
American University of Beirut
Iacoviello, Licia
Italy
Irccs Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed
Ibrahim, Moshen Mohsen
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Ikeda, Nayu
Japan, Tokyo
National Institute of Health and Nutrition
Ikram, Mohammad Arfan
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Mc
Irazola, Vilma Edith
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy
Islam, Md Tariqul
Pakistan, Karachi
The Aga Khan University
Jafar, Tazeen Hasan
Singapore, Singapore City
Duke-nus Medical School
Jasieńska, Grazyna
Poland, Krakow
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Jonas, Jost Bruno
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Joshi, Pradeep
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Kafatos, Anthony George
Greece, Rethymnon
University of Crete
Kasaeian, Amir
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Katz, Joanne D.
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Kavousi, Maryam
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Mc
Kelishadi, Roya
Iran, Isfahan
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Kengne, Andre-Pascal Pascal
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Jordan, Irbid
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Kiechl, Stefan G.
Austria, Innsbruck
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Kolsteren, Patrick Wilfried V.J.
Belgium, Antwerpen
Prins Leopold Instituut Voor Tropische Geneeskunde
Koskinen, Seppo Väinö Pellervo
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Kratzer, Wolfgang
Germany, Ulm
Universitätsklinikum Ulm
Kromhout, Daan
Netherlands, Wageningen
Wageningen University & Research
Kula, Krzysztof K.
Poland, Lodz
Medical University of Lodz
Kyobutungi, Catherine K.
Kenya, Nairobi
African Population & Health Research Center
Lachat, Carl K.
Belgium, Ghent
Universiteit Gent
Laïd, Youcef
Algeria, Algiers
Institut National de Sante Publique
Lam, Tai Hing
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
Lánská, Věra
Czech Republic, Prague
Institutu Klinické a Experimentální Medicíny
Laxmaiah, Avula
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Leclercq, Catherine
Unknown Affiliation
Lee, Jeannette Jen Mai
Singapore, Singapore City
National University of Singapore
Lehtimäki, Terho J.
Finland, Tampere
University Hospital of Tampere
Rampal, Lekhraj
Malaysia, Serdang
Universiti Putra Malaysia
León-Muñoz, Luz María
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Li, Yanping
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Lim, Wei Yen
Singapore, Singapore City
National University of Singapore
Lima-Costa, M. F.
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Lin, Hsien Ho
Taiwan, Taipei
National Taiwan University
Lin, Xu
China, Beijing
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Lissner, Lauren En
Sweden, Gothenburg
Göteborgs Universitet
Lundqvist, Annamari
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Ma, Guansheng
China, Beijing
Peking University
Maggi, Stefania
Italy, Rome
Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche
Manios, Yannis
Greece, Athens
Harokopio University of Athens
Margozzini M, Paula
Chile, Santiago
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Marqués-Vidal, Pedro Manuel
Switzerland, Lausanne
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Martorell, Reynaldo
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Matsha, Tandi Edith
South Africa, Bellville
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Mbanya, J. C.
Cameroon, Yaounde
Université de Yaoundé I
McGarvey, Stephen Theodore
United States, Providence
Brown University
Mediene-Benchekor, S.
Algeria, Oran
Université Oran 1
Meirhaeghe, Aline
France, Paris
Inserm
Menezes, Ana María Baptista
Brazil, Pelotas
Universidade Federal de Pelotas
Merat, Shahin
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Meshram, Indrapal Ishwarji
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Mi, Jie
China, Beijing
Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Mohamed, Mostafa K.
Egypt, Cairo
Ain Shams University
Mohan, Viswanathan Krishna
India, Chennai
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Møller, Niels Christian
Denmark, Odense
Syddansk Universitet
Dénes, Molnár
Hungary, Pecs
Pécsi Tudományegyetem
Mondo, Charles Kiiza
Uganda, Kampala
Mulago Hospital
Moreno Aznar, Luis Alberto
Spain, Zaragoza
Universidad de Zaragoza
Morgan, Karen
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Perdana University and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Purcsi School of Medicine
Moschonis, George
Greece, Athens
Harokopio University of Athens
Mostafa, Aya
Egypt, Cairo
Ain Shams University
Mota, Jorge Augusto Pinto Silva
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Muiesan, Maria Lorenza
Italy, Brescia
Università Degli Studi Di Brescia
Müller-Nurasyid, Martina
Germany, Oberschleissheim
Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health
Nagel, Gabriële C.
Germany, Ulm
Universität Ulm
Nangia, Vinay B.
India, Nagpur
Suraj Eye Institute
Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba
France, Paris
Inserm
Ninomiya, Toshiharu
Japan, Fukuoka
Kyushu University
Noale, Marianna
Italy, Rome
Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche
Noto, Davide
Italy, Palermo
Università Degli Studi Di Palermo
Ochoa, Angélica
Ecuador, Cuenca
University of Cuenca
Oh, Kyungwon
South Korea, Cheongju
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
Onat, Altan
Turkey, Istanbul
Istanbul University-cerrahpasa
Osmond, Clive
United Kingdom, Southampton
Mrc Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit
Otero, J. A.
Colombia, Bucaramanga
Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander
Palmieri, Luigi
Italy, Rome
Istituto Superiore Di Sanita
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Poland, Gdansk
Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny
Parsaeian, Mahboubeh
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Peixoto, Sérgio Viana
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Pereira, Alexandre Da Costa
Unknown Affiliation
Peters, Annette Michael
Germany, Oberschleissheim
Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health
Peykari, Niloofar F.
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Pilav, Aida
Unknown Affiliation
Piwońska, Aleksandra M.
Unknown Affiliation
Porta, Miquel S.
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Del Mar
Poustchi, Hossein
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Pradeepa, R.
India, Chennai
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Punab, Margus
Estonia, Tartu
Tartu University Clinics
Qasrawi, Radwan F.
Palestine, Abu Dis
Al-quds University
Qorbani, Mostafa
Iran, Karaj
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Raitakari, Olli T.
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Ramachandran, Ambady
India, Chennai
India Diabetes Research Foundation
Rathmann, Wolfgang G.
Germany, Dusseldorf
Deutsches Diabetes-zentrum
Redón Más, Josep
Spain, Valencia
Universitat de València
Robinson, Sîan M.
United Kingdom, Southampton
University of Southampton
Rodriguez Artalejo, Fernando
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Rojas, Rosalba
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Romaguera, D.
Spain, Barcelona
Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona
Rosengren, Annika H.
Sweden, Gothenburg
Sahlgrenska Akademin
Rubinstein, Adolfo Luis
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy
Sachdev, Harshpal Singh
Unknown Affiliation
Saidi, Olfa
Tunisia, Tunis
Université de Tunis el Manar
Salanave, Benoît
France
French Institute for Health Surveillance
Salonen, Jukka T.S.
Finland, Helsinki
Helsingin Yliopisto
Salvetti, Massimo
Italy, Brescia
Università Degli Studi Di Brescia
Santos, Rute Marina Roberto
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Sardinha, Luís B. Sardinha Bettencourt
Portugal, Lisbon
Universidade de Lisboa
Scazufca, Márcia
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Shibuya, Kenji
Japan, Tokyo
The University of Tokyo
Shiri, Rahman
Finland, Helsinki
Työterveyslaitos
Mehio-Sibai, Abla
Lebanon, Beirut
American University of Beirut
Sjöström, Michael
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Institutet
Smeeth, Liam L.
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Snijder, Marieke Brigitte
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Sonestedt, Emily
Sweden, Lund
Lunds Universitet
Staessen, Jan A.
Belgium, Leuven
Ku Leuven
Stein, Aryeh D.
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Sundström, Johan
Sweden, Uppsala
Uppsala Universitet
Sy, Rody G.
Philippines, Quezon City
University of the Philippines
Tai, E. Shyong
Singapore, Singapore City
National University of Singapore
Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul
Jordan, Salt
Ministry of Health
Thijs, Lutgarde B.
Belgium, Leuven
Ku Leuven
Tolstrup, Janne S.
Denmark, Odense
Syddansk Universitet
Traissac, Pierre
France, Marseille
Ird Institut de Recherche Pour le Developpement
Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr
Jamaica, Kingston
The University of the West Indies
Tuomainen, Tomi Pekka
Finland, Kuopio
Itä-suomen Yliopisto
Turley, Maria L.
New Zealand, Wellington
Ministry of Health - new Zealand
Tzourio, C.
France, Bordeaux
Université de Bordeaux
Ueda, Peter
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Ukoli, Flora A.M.
United States, Nashville
Meharry Medical College
Ulmer, H.
Austria, Innsbruck
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Valdivia C, Gonzalo S.
Chile, Santiago
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Vanderschueren, Dirk M.O.I.
Belgium, Leuven
Ku Leuven
Vanuzzo, Diego
Unknown Affiliation
Vega, Tomás
Unknown Affiliation
Veronesi, Giovanni
Italy, Varese
Università Degli Studi Dell'insubria
Verschuren, W.M. Monique
Netherlands, Bilthoven
Rijksinstituut Voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
Vioque, Jesus L.
Spain, Elche
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Virtanen, Jyrki K.
Finland, Kuopio
Itä-suomen Yliopisto
Visvikis-Siest, Sophie
France, Paris
Inserm
Viswanathan, Bharathi
Seychelles, Mahe
Ministry of Health Seychelles
Vollenweider, Peter K.
Switzerland, Lausanne
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Wade, Alisha N.
South Africa, Johannesburg
University of the Witwatersrand
Wagner, Aline
France, Strasbourg
Université de Strasbourg
Wan Nazaimoon, Wan Mohamud
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Institute for Medical Research Kuala Lumpur
Wang, Yaxing
China, Beijing
Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University
Wannamethee, Sasiwarang Goya
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Whincup, Peter Hynes
United Kingdom, London
St George’s, University of London
Więcek, Andrzej
Poland, Katowice
Slaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
Wilks, Rainford J.
Jamaica, Kingston
The University of the West Indies
Willeit, Johann
Austria, Innsbruck
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Wojtyniak, Bogdan
Poland, Warsaw
National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene Niph - Nih
Wong, Tienyin
Singapore, Singapore City
Duke-nus Medical School
Woo, Jean L.F.
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Woodward, Mark A.
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Yoshihara, Akihiro
Japan, Niigata
Niigata University
Younger-Coleman, Novie O.M.
Jamaica, Kingston
The University of the West Indies
Zdrojewski, Tomasz R.
Poland, Gdansk
Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny
Zhao, Wenhua
China, Beijing
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Zheng, Yingfeng
Singapore, Singapore City
Singapore Eye Research Institute
Statistics
Citations: 131
Authors: 304
Affiliations: 219
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00129-1
ISSN:
22138587
Research Areas
Genetics And Genomics
Health System And Policy
Noncommunicable Diseases
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Study Approach
Quantitative