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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019
The Lancet HIV, Volume 8, No. 10, Year 2021
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Description
Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC8491452/bin/mmc1.pdf
Authors & Co-Authors
Jahagirdar, Deepa
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Walters, Magdalene K.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Novotney, Amanda
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Brewer, Edmond D.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Frank, Tahvi D.
United States, New York
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Carter, Austin R.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Biehl, Molly H.
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Abhilash, E. S.
India, Kozhikode
Sree Narayana Guru College, Chelannur
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman F.
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
Qatar, Doha
Weill Cornell Medicine-qatar
Adekanmbi, V. T.
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Cardiff University
Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo
Canada, Saskatoon
University of Saskatchewan
Nigeria, Abuja
Federal Ministry of Health
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Indonesia, Kediri
Karya Husada Institute of Health Science
New Zealand, Auckland
Auckland University of Technology
Afzal, Saira
Pakistan, Lahore
King Edward Memorial Hospital
Pakistan, Lahore
Institute of Public Health
Aghababaei, Soodabeh
Iran, Hamadan
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Australia, Sydney
University of Technology Sydney
Ahmad, Sajjad
Pakistan, Islamabad
Foundation University, Islamabad
Ahmadi, Keivan
United Kingdom, Nottingham
University of Nottingham
Ahmadi, Sepideh
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ahmadpour, Ehsan
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Ethiopia, Jimma
Jimma University
Australia, Adelaide
University of South Australia
Rashid, Tarik A.
Iraq, Erbil
University of Kurdistan Hewlêr
Salih, Yusra Ahmed
Iraq, Sulaymaniyah
Sulaimani Polytechnic University
Aklilu, Addis
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Akram, Tayyaba Tayyaba
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet
Nigeria, Jos
The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health Icoh for Africa
Nigeria, Garki
Federal Ministry of Health
Al Hamad, Hanadi A.
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Medical Corporation
Alahdab, Fares
United States, Rochester
Mayo Clinic
Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Hse University
Alene, Kefyalew Addis
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Australia, Perth
Telethon Kids Institute
Ali, Liaqat
Pakistan, Rawalpindi
National University of Medical Sciences
Alipour, Vahid
Iran, Tehran
Iums Health Management and Economics Research Center
Almustanyir, Sami
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Alfaisal University
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Colombia, Barranquilla
Universidad de la Costa
Colombia, Cartagena
Universidad de Cartagena
Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena
Australia, Sydney
University of Technology Sydney
Amu, Hubert
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Andrei, Câtâlina Liliana
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Andrei, Tudorel
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Anvari, Davood
Iran, Sari
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Iranshahr
Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences
Arabloo, Jalal
Iran, Tehran
Iums Health Management and Economics Research Center
Aremu, Olatunde
United Kingdom, Birmingham
Birmingham City University
Arulappan, Judie
Oman, Muscat
Sultan Qaboos University
Atnafu, Desta Debalkie
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Peru, Lima
Universidad de San Martín de Porres
Ayza, Muluken Altaye
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
Azari, Samad
Iran, Tehran
Iums Health Management and Economics Research Center
Darshan, Bhagwan
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Banach, Maciej P.
Poland, Lodz
Medical University of Lodz
Poland, Lodz
Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki
Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
Barra, Fabio
Italy, Genoa
Università Degli Studi Di Genova
Barrow, Amadou
Gambia, Serrekunda
University of the Gambia
Gambia, Banjul
Ministry of Health
Basu, Sanjay
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad
United States, Los Angeles
Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
United States, Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles
Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana
Ethiopia, Debre Tabor
Debre Tabor University
Berheto, Tezera Moshago
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Australia, Hobart
University of Tasmania
Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
France, Nantes
Nantes Université
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Bhardwaj, Nikha
India, Pali
Government Medical College Pali
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
India, Kalyani
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
India, Kolkata
University of Calcutta
Bibi, Sadia D.
Pakistan, Faisalabad
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Bijani, Ali
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Bisignano, Catherine
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Bolarinwa, Obasanjo
South Africa, Durban
University of Kwazulu-natal
Boloor, Archith
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Boltaev, Azizbek A.
Unknown Affiliation
Briko, N. I.
Unknown Affiliation
Buonsenso, Danilo
Italy, Rome
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Irccs
Italy, Rome
Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Campus Di Roma
Burkart, Katrin G.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Butt, Zahid A.
Canada, Waterloo
University of Waterloo
Pakistan, Rawalpindi
Al-shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Cao, Chao
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Charan, Jaykaran
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Chatterjee, Souranshu
India, Gurugram
Medanta Medicity
Chattu, Soosanna Kumary
Guyana, Georgetown
Texila American University
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Canada, Toronto
University of Toronto
India, Thiruvananthapuram
Global Institute of Public Health
Choudhari, Sonali G.
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Chu, Dinh Toi
Viet Nam, Hanoi
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Couto, Rosa A.S.
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Cowden, Richard Gregory
South Africa, Bloemfontein
University of the Free State
Dachew, Berihun Assefa
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Dadras, Omid
Thailand, Tha Sala
Walailak University
Japan, Kyoto
Kyoto University
Belachew, Amare
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Dahlawi, Saad Mohammed
Unknown Affiliation
Dai, Xiaochen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dandona, Lalit
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Dandona, Rakhi
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
das Neves, José
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Degenhardt, Louisa
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Deuba, Keshab
United Kingdom, London
Save the Children Fund
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Institutet
Dhamnetiya, Deepak
Unknown Affiliation
Dhungana, Govinda Prasad
Nepal, Mahendranagar
Far Western University
Dianatinasab, Mostafa
Iran, Shahrood
Shahroud University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Diaz, D.
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Mexico, Culiacan
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Djalalinia, Shirin S.
Iran, Tehran
Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Doan, Linhphuong
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Dorostkar, Fariba
Unknown Affiliation
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Effiong, Andem I.
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
Eftekharzadeh, Sahar
United States, Philadelphia
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Zaki, Maysaa El S.
Egypt, Cairo
Egypt Ministry of Higher Education
Elayedath, Rajesh
India, Kottayam
Mahatma Gandhi University
Elhadi, Muhammed K.
Libya, Tripoli
University of Tripoli
El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
El Khatib, Ziad
Canada, Rouyn-noranda
Université du Québec en Abitibi-témiscamingue
Elsharkawy, Aisha
Egypt, Cairo
Faculty of Medicine
Endalamaw, Aklilu
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Endries, Aman Yesuf
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude
Spain, Badalona
Fundació Institut Dinvestigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol
Spain, Badalona
Irsicaixa Aids Research Institute
Ezzikouri, Sayeh
Morocco, Casablanca
Institut Pasteur du Maroc
Farahmand, Mohammad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino
Philippines, Manila
University of the Philippines Manila
Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara
United States, Atlanta
Morehouse School of Medicine
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo
Italy, Genoa
Università Degli Studi Di Genova
Filip, Irina
United States, Oakland
Kaiser Permanente
United States, Mesa
Arizona School of Health Sciences
Fischer, Florian
Germany, Weingarten
Hochschule Ravensburg-weingarten
Folayan, Morenike O.
Nigeria, Ife
Obafemi Awolowo University
Foroutan, M.
Iran, Abadan
Abadan University of Medical Sciences
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Japan, Kobe
Kobe University
Gad, Mohamed M.
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
United States, Chapel Hill
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Gadanya, Muktar Ahmed
Nigeria, Kano
Bayero University
Nigeria, Kano
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
Gaidhane, Abhay M.
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Garg, Tushar R.
India, Mumbai
Seth gs Medical College and Kem Hospital
Tsegaye Gayesa, Reta
Ethiopia, Nekemte
Wollega University
Gebreyohannes, Eyob Alemayehu
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Ghadiri, Keyghobad
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Iran, Tehran
Iums Health Management and Economics Research Center
Gilani, Syed Amir
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Pakistan, Lahore
Afro-asian Institute
Ginindza, Themba G.
South Africa, Durban
University of Kwazulu-natal
Petcu, Ionela Roxana
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Golechha, Mahaveer Jain
India, Gandhinagar
Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
Gugnani, Harish Chander C.
Anguilla, Anguilla
Saint James School of Medicine
Gupta, Bhawna
Australia, Adelaide
Torrens University Australia
Gupta, Veer Bala
Australia, Geelong
Deakin University
Gupta, Vivek Kumar
Australia, Sydney
Macquarie University
Hamidi, Samer A.
United Arab Emirates, Dubai
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Handanagic, Senad
Croatia, Zagreb
University of Zagreb
Haque, Shafiul
Saudi Arabia, Jazan
Jazan University
Harapan, Harapan H.
Indonesia, Banda Aceh
Universitas Syiah Kuala
Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
Egypt, Cairo
Faculty of Science
Hashi, Abdiwahab
Ethiopia, Jijiga
Jigjiga University
Hassan, Shoaib K.
Norway, Bergen
Universitetet I Bergen
Hassanipour, Soheil
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Hayat, Khezar
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
China, Xi'an
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Heredia-Pi, Ileana B.
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Holla, Ramesh
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Hosseini, Mostafa
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Iran, Tehran
Iums Health Management and Economics Research Center
Hsaïri, Mohamed
Tunisia, Tunis
Université de Tunis el Manar
Hussain, R.
Malaysia, Minden
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Idrisov, Bulat T.
Russian Federation, Ufa
Bashkir State Medical University
Russian Federation, Dolgoprudny
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Ikuta, Kevin S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Ilic, Irena M.
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Ilic, Milena D.
Serbia, Kragujevac
University of Kragujevac
Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina
Unknown Affiliation
Islam, M. Mofizul
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Itumalla, Ramaiah
Saudi Arabia, Hail
University of Ha'il
Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi
Canada, Vancouver
Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences
Canada, Vancouver
The University of British Columbia
Jabbarinejad, Roxana
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Jayawardena, Ranil
Sri Lanka, Colombo
University of Colombo
Australia, Brisbane
Queensland University of Technology
Joseph, Nitin
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kabir, Ali
Unknown Affiliation
Kabir, Zubair
Ireland, Cork
University College Cork
Kalhor, Rohollah
Iran, Qazvin
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Kaliyadan, Feroze
Saudi Arabia, Al-ahsa
King Faisal University
Kamath, Ashwin
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kanchan, Tanuj
India, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Kandel, Himal
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Australia, Caringbah
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District
Kassahun, Getinet
Ethiopia, Awassa
Hawassa University
Katoto, Patrick De Marie Chimusa
Democratic Republic Congo, Bukavu
Université Catholique de Bukavu
South Africa, Stellenbosch
Stellenbosch University
Kayode, Gbenga Ayodele
Nigeria, Abuja
Institute of Human Virology - Nigeria
Netherlands, Utrecht
Universiteit Utrecht
Mulu, Ermiyas
Ethiopia, Ambo
Ambo University
Kebede, Hafte Kahsay
Ethiopia, Jimma
Jimma University
Khalid, Nauman Abbas
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Management and Technology Lahore
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
Pakistan, Islamabad
Health Services Academy Islamabad
Khan, Gulfaraz
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Khatab, Khaled
United Kingdom, Sheffield
Sheffield Hallam University
United States, Athens
Ohio University
Kim, Minseo
South Korea, Seoul
Sungkyunkwan University
South Korea, Seoul
Minster for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Korea
Kim, Yun-jin
Malaysia, Sepang
Xiamen University Malaysia
Kisa, Adnan
Norway, Oslo
Kristiania University College
United States, New Orleans
Tulane University
Kisa, Sezer
Norway, Oslo
Oslomet – Storbyuniversitetet
Kochhar, Sonali
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Global Healthcare Consulting
Koul, Parvaiz A.
India, Srinagar
Sher-i-kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Koyanagi, Ai
Spain, Madrid
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
Spain, Barcelona
Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats
Krishan, K.
India, Chandigarh
Panjab University
Kuate Defo, B.
Canada, Montreal
University of Montreal
Kumar, G. Anil
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Kumar, Manasi
Kenya, Nairobi
University of Nairobi
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Kumar, Nithin Narender
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kwarteng, Alexander
Ghana, Kumasi
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Landires, Iván
Panama, Las Tablas
Institute of Medical Sciences
Panama, Panama City
Ministry of Health
Lasrado, Savita
India, Mangalore
Fr. Muller Medical College Hospital
Lassi, Zohra S.
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Lazarus, J. V.
Spain, Barcelona
Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona
Lee, Yeong Yeh
Malaysia, Kubang Kerian
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus
LeGrand, Kate E.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Liu, Xuefeng
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Maddison, Emilie R.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd
Egypt, Mansoura
Egypt Ministry of Health and Population
Mahasha, Phetole Walter
Unknown Affiliation
Majeed, Azeem
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Malik, Ahmad Azam
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Lahore
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
King Abdulaziz University
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
Brazil, Caucaia
Federal Institute of Education
Masoumi, Sayedeh Zahra
Iran, Hamadan
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Al Memish, Ziad Ahmed
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Alfaisal University
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Research and Innovation Centre
Menezes, Ritesh G.
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Forensic Medicine Center
Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Merie, Hayimro Edemealem
Ethiopia, Debra Marcos
Debre Markos University
Getnet Mersha, Amanual
Thailand, Tha Sala
Walailak University
Australia, Callaghan
The University of Newcastle, Australia
Meštrović, Tomislav
Croatia, Zagreb
Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic
Croatia, Koprivnica
University North
Miller, Ted R.
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
United States, Beltsville
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
Mirică, Andreea Cristina
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Moazen, Babak
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Germany, Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
Mohammad, Yousef M.
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Mohammadi, Mokhtar
Iraq, Erbil
Lebanese French University
Mohammed, Arif
Saudi Arabia, Jeddah
University of Jeddah
Mohammed, Salahuddin Farooq
United States, University
University of Mississippi
Ethiopia, Mizan Teferi
Mizan-tepi University
Mohammed, Shafiu Abdullah
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Germany, Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin
Moitra, Modhurima
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Mokdad, Ali H.I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Molokhia, Mariam
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Bangladesh, Pabna
Pabna University of Science and Technology
Moradi, Ghobad H.
Iran, Sanandaj
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Mubarik, Sumaira
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Munro, Sandra B.
United States, San Francisco
Invitae Corporation
Mwanri, L.
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Nachega, J. B.
United States, Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
Unknown Affiliation
Naveed, Muhammad
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Central Punjab
Nduaguba, Sabina O.
United States, Gainesville
University of Florida
Nguefack-Tsague, Georges
Cameroon, Yaounde
Université de Yaoundé I
Nguyen, Trang Huyen Thi
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Nixon, Molly R.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Nnaji, Chukwudi Arnest
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
South Africa, Cape Town
University of Cape Town
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Núñez-Samudio, Virginia
Panama, Las Tablas
Institute of Medical Sciences
Nyirenda, Thomas Elliot
South Africa, Stellenbosch
Stellenbosch University
Netherlands, The Hague
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
Oghenetega, Onome Bright
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun
Nigeria, Abuja
National Aids Control Committee
Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Mahesh, Padkuduru A.
India, Mysore
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Pawar, Shrikant D.
United States, New Haven
Yale University
Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame
United States, New York
New York University
Pinheiro, Marina
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Pokhrel, Khem Narayan
Nepal, Kathmandu
Integrated Development Foundation Nepal
Postma, Maarten Jacobus
Netherlands, Groningen
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Quazi, Syed Zahiruddin
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Radfar, Amir
United States, Orlando
University of Central Florida
Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal
India, Manipal
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal
Rahim, Fakher
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Ahvaz
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rahimzadeh, Shadi
United Kingdom, London
Middlesex University
Rahman, Mosiur M.
Bangladesh, Rajshahi
University of Rajshahi
Rahmani, Amir Masoud
Taiwan, Douliou
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Ram, Pradhum
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Nepal, Kathmandu
Policy Research Institute
Rao, Sowmya J.
India, Mangalore
Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences
Rathi, Priya
India, Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Rawaf, David Laith
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
University College London Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Rawaf, Salman
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Regassa, Lemma Demissie
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Rehman, Inayat Ur
Pakistan, Mardan
Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
Renzaho, Andre M.N.
Australia, Penrith
Western Sydney University
Rezaei, Nima
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rezapour, Aziz
Iran, Tehran
Iums Health Management and Economics Research Center
Ripon, Rezaul Karim
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Jahangirnagar University
Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara
Botswana, Gaborone
University of Botswana
Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sagar, Rajesh Pragna
India, New Delhi
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, new Delhi
Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M.
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Japan, Nagoya
Nagoya University
Rashad Salem, Marwa Rashad
Egypt, Cairo
Faculty of Medicine
Samy, Abdallah Mohammed
Egypt, Cairo
College of Science
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sathian, Brijesh
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Medical Corporation
United Kingdom, Bournemouth
Bournemouth University
Satpathy, Maheswar
India, Bhubaneswar
Utkal University
India, Bhubaneswar
Udyam-global Association for Sustainable Development
Sawhney, Monika
United States, Charlotte
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Schutte, Aletta E.
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Shaikh, Masood Ali A.
Unknown Affiliation
Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Dilla University
Shamshad, H.
Pakistan, Karachi
University of Karachi
Shamsizadeh, Morteza
Sweden, Boras
Högskolan I Borås
Shin, Jae Il I.
South Korea, Seoul
Yonsei University
Singh, Jasvinder A.
United States, Birmingham
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
United States, Birmingham
Birmingham va Medical Center
Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Russian Federation, Balashikha
Balashiha Central Hospital
Somayaji, Ranjani
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Canada, Calgary
University of Calgary
Soshnikov, Sergey S.
Russian Federation, Dolgoprudny
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Russian Federation, Moscow
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Stein, Dan J.
South Africa, Cape Town
Sa Mrc Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders
Sufiyan, Mu'Awiyyah Babale
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Tadbiri, Hooman
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University
Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun
Ethiopia, Awassa
Hawassa University
South Korea, Seoul
International Vaccine Institute, Seoul
Tadesse, Eyayou Girma
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Tamiru, Animut Tagele
Thailand, Tha Sala
Walailak University
Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang
Ghana, Ho
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Cameroon, Kumba
Hiv/aids Prevention Research Network Cameroon
Taveira, Nuno
Portugal, Caparica
Egas Moniz School of Health and Science
Portugal, Lisbon
Universidade de Lisboa
Tekalegn, Yohannes
Ethiopia, Robe
Madda Walabu University
Tesfay, Fisaha Haile
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Tessema, Gizachew Assefa
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Rekha, T.
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Tran, Bach Xuan
Viet Nam, Hanoi
Hanoi Medical University
Tsai, Alexander C.
United States, Boston
Massachusetts General Hospital
Uganda, Mbarara
Mbarara University of Science and Technology
Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno
Ethiopia, Dire Dawa
Haramaya University
Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David
Nigeria, Abakaliki
Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki
Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel
Iran, Tehran
Islamic Azad University
Vo, Bay
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology - Hutech
Vongpradith, Avina
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Vu, Giang T.
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Dại Học Nguyen Tat Thanh
Waheed, Yasir
Pakistan, Islamabad
Foundation University, Islamabad
Wamai, Richard G.
Kenya, Nairobi
University of Nairobi
United States, Boston
Northeastern University
Wang, Guan
United Kingdom, Brighton
University of Brighton
Wang, Yanzhong
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Ward, Paul R.
Australia, Adelaide
Flinders University
Westerman, Ronny
Germany, Wiesbaden
Federal Institute for Population Research
Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Norway, Oslo
Universitetet I Oslo
Germany, Munich
Technische Universität München
Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh
Unknown Affiliation
Yazie, Taklo Simeneh
Ethiopia, Debre Tabor
Debre Tabor University
Yi, Siyan
Singapore, Singapore City
National University of Singapore
Cambodia, Phnom Penh
Khana
Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale
Thailand, Tha Sala
Walailak University
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Japan, Kodaira
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Japan, Tokyo
Juntendo University
Yu, Chuanhua
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Yunusa, Ismaeel
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Zastrozhin, Michael Sergeevich
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Zastrozhina, Anasthasia K.
Unknown Affiliation
Zhang, Zhi Jiang
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Zumla, A. I.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Salomon, Joshua A.
United States, Palo Alto
Stanford University
Eaton, Jeffrey William
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Naghavi, Mohsen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura A.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Wang, Haidong
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Lim, Stephen S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Hay, Simon I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Murray, Christopher J.L.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Statistics
Citations: 51
Authors: 349
Affiliations: 325
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00152-1
ISSN:
23523018
Research Areas
Health System And Policy
Infectious Diseases
Maternal And Child Health
Mental Health
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Cohort Study
Participants Gender
Male
Female