Timed-daily ingestion of whey protein and exercise training reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves insulin resistance: the PRISE study. J Appl Physiol 117: 1-10, 2014. First published May 15, 2014; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00152.2014.-The present study examined the effects of timed ingestion of supplemental protein (20-g servings of whey protein, 3/day), added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults and subsequently randomized to either whey protein only (P; n = 24), whey protein and resistance exercise (P = RT; n = 27), or a whey protein and multimode exercise training program [protein and resistance exercise, intervals, stretching/yoga/ Pilates, endurance exercise (PRISE); n = 28]. Total and regional body composition and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment- estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], plasma lipids and adipokines, and feelings of hunger and satiety (visual analog scales) were measured before and after the 16-wk intervention. All groups lost body weight, fat mass (FM), and abdominal fat; however, PRISE lost significantly (P = 0.01) more body weight (3.3 = 0.7 vs. 1.1 = 0.7 kg, P = RT) and FM (2.8 = 0.7 vs. 0.9 = 0.5 kg, P = RT) and gained (P = 0.05) a greater percentage of lean body mass (2 = 0.5 vs. 0.9 = 0.3 and 0.6 = 0.4%, P = RT and P, respectively). Only P = RT (0.1 = 0.04 kg) and PRISE (0.21 = 0.07 kg) lost VAT mass (P = 0.05). Fasting glucose decreased only in P = RT (5.1 = 2.5 mg/dl) and PRISE (15.3 = 2.1 mg/dl), with the greatest decline occurring in PRISE (P = 0.05). Similarly, HOMA-IR improved (0.6 = 0.3, 0.6 = 0.4 units), and leptin decreased (4.7 = 2.2, 4.7 = 3.1 ng/dl), and adiponectin increased (3.8 = 1.1, 2.4 = 1.1 =g/ml) only in P = RT and PRISE, respectively, with no change in P. In conclusion, we find evidence to support exercise training and timed ingestion of whey protein added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults, independent of caloric restriction on total and regional body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and adipokines. © 2014 by the American Physiological Society.
