Pharmacogenetics of unboosted atazanavir in HIV-infected individuals in resource-limited settings: A sub-study of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) PEARLS study (NWCS 342)

Objectives: The multinational PEARLS (ACTG A5175) study, conducted mainly in resource-limited settings, identified an increased treatment failure rate among HIV-infected individuals randomized to once-daily unboosted atazanavir, didanosine-EC, and emtricitabine compared with efavirenz-based regimens. We evaluated associations between selected human genetic polymorphisms and atazanavir pharmacokinetics in PEARLS. Methods: Polymorphisms in CYP3A5, ABCB1, SLCO1B1 and NR1I2 were genotyped in PEARLS participants randomized to atazanavir plus didanosine-EC plus emtricitabine in Peru, South Africa and the USA, who also consented to genetic analysis. Non-linear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic modelling was used to predict atazanavir oral clearance (CL/F) and concentration at 24 h (C24). Atazanavir mono-oxidation metabolites M1 and M2 were quantified from the same single-point plasma sample used to quantify the parent drug. Data were log10 transformed for statistical analysis using unpaired t-tests and one-way ANOVA and are presented as geometric mean (95% CI). Results: Eighty-four HIV-infected participants were genotyped, including 44 Black Africans or African Americans and 28 women. Median agewas 34 years.We identified 56 CYP3A5 expressers and 28 non-expressers. Atazanavir CL/F and C24 did not differ between CYP3A5 expressers and non-expressers: 13.2 (12.1-14.4) versus 12.7 L/h (11.7-13.9), P=0.61, and 75.3 (46.1-123.0) versus 130.9 ng/mL (86.9-197.2), P=0.14, respectively. M1/atazanavir and M2/atazanavir ratios were higher in expressers than in non-expressers: 0.0083 (0.0074-0.0094) versus 0.0063 (0.0053-0.0075), P=0.008, and 0.0065 (0.0057-0.0073) versus 0.0050 (0.0042-0.0061), P=0.02, respectively. Conclusions: Expression of CYP3A5 appears to be associated with increased M1 and M2 atazanavir metabolite formation, without significantly affecting parent compound pharmacokinetics.