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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
general
Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 102, No. 51, Year 2005
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Description
To evaluate the role of fluid and Na+ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na+ concentrations ([Na+]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na+]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na+] between 129-135 mmol/liter, and 11% a serum [Na+] of <129 mmol/liter. Serum [Na+] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na+] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na+ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na+] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na+], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na+ (>500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na+ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na+ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985. © 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC1311740/bin/pnas_0509096102_index.html
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC1311740/bin/pnas_0509096102_4.pdf
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC1311740/bin/pnas_0509096102_1.pdf
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC1311740/bin/pnas_0509096102_2.pdf
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC1311740/bin/pnas_0509096102_3.pdf
Authors & Co-Authors
Noakes, Timothy D.
South Africa, Newlands
Sports Science Institute of South Africa
Sharwood, Karen A.
South Africa, Newlands
Sports Science Institute of South Africa
Speedy, Dale B.
New Zealand, Auckland
The University of Auckland
Hew, Tamara D.
South Africa, Newlands
Sports Science Institute of South Africa
Reid, Stephen A.
Australia, Hobart
Saint Helen's Hospital
Dugas, Jonathan P.
South Africa, Newlands
Sports Science Institute of South Africa
Almond, Chris
United States, Boston
Boston Children's Hospital
Wharam, Paul C.
New Zealand, Auckland
The University of Auckland
Weschler, L.
Unknown Affiliation
Statistics
Citations: 347
Authors: 9
Affiliations: 4
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1073/pnas.0509096102
ISSN:
00278424
Research Areas
Environmental