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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
Unusually high levels of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Sudan snuff (toombak)
Carcinogenesis, Volume 12, No. 6, Year 1991
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Description
The aim of these studies was to determine the levels of carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in Sudanese oral snuff (toombak) as recent retrospective epidemiological studies suggested an association between the use of toombak and subsequent development of oral cancer. We have analyzed the TSNA levels in 20 samples of Sudanese toombak, of four different quality levels, collected from five different vendors. Using GC coupled with thermal energy analysis, four TSNA were quantified in snuff extracts: N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (NNK). Unusually high levels of these TSNA (mean; range, mg/g snuff, dry wt) were detected: NNN (1.13; 0.50-3.08); NAT (0.08; 0.02-0.29); NAB (0.22; 0.02-2.37); and NNK (2.31; 0.62-7.87). Previously, the highest levels of NNN and NNK reported in any snuff were 0.154 and 0.014 mg/g dry wt respectively. In comparison, the levels in Sudanese toombak were up to 20 and 560 times higher respectively. As the public health implications of these findings are significant, attempts should be made to reduce exposure to TSNA in oral snuff users in Sudan. © 1991 Oxford University Press.
Authors & Co-Authors
Idris, Ali M.
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
Nair, J.
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
India, Mumbai
Tata Memorial Hospital
Ohshima, Hiroshi
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
France, Lyon
Centre International de Recherche Sur le Cancer
Friesen, Marlin D.
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
France, Lyon
Centre International de Recherche Sur le Cancer
Brouet, I.
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
France, Lyon
Centre International de Recherche Sur le Cancer
Faustman, Elaine M.
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
United States, Seattle
University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Bartsch, Helmut
Sudan, Khartoum
University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine
France, Lyon
Centre International de Recherche Sur le Cancer
Statistics
Citations: 92
Authors: 7
Affiliations: 4
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1093/carcin/12.6.1115
ISSN:
01433334
Research Areas
Cancer
Health System And Policy
Substance Abuse
Study Design
Cohort Study
Study Locations
Sudan