Drought conditions appraisal using geoinformatics and multi-influencing factors

The world including South Africa is faced with unprecedented environmental changes, which can be linked to climate-related disasters such as drought and extreme heat. Several studies have indicated that these changes are likely to accelerate in the future and cause an adverse impact on the environment. The Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, especially Amathole District Municipality (ADM), has recorded a high number of climate change–related disasters including prolonged drought conditions witnessed during the winter season of 2008, 2009, 2014 and 2015 among others. Consequently, this study aimed at exploring remote sensing information to assess and document drought occurrences in the ADM from 2007 to 2017. To accomplish the aim, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Land Surface Temperature and Precipitation were utilised to access drought spatiotemporal variations. For the analysis, a total of 396 satellite imageries (MODIS and TRMM) were used. The results revealed that different correlations exist between the three variables. The significance of correlations differed from one season to another. Furthermore, it was revealed that the drought conditions in the district differed in the spatial distribution. The study accurately identified the drought episodes that occurred in the ADM in the years 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015 and 2016. The chosen methodology and variables proved to be suitable for analysing drought conditions offering space and temporal variation dimension, which is vital in monitoring drought events.