Tetanus and HIV: A fortuitous association?

Objectives: To describe the relation between HIV infection and tetanus. Methods: This prospective study includes all patients admitted to our infectious diseases department with tetanus between July 15 and December 31, 2007, who underwent screening for HIV-1 and 2. Results: The study included 21 patients (sex-ratio = 9.5). Their mean age was 37 years (SD: 5.3) were included. Nine patients (42%) had been immunized, but never received a booster dose. The portal of entry was found in 16 patients (76%) - all but one a skin injury. Tetanus was generalized in all patients (Mollaret classification: 76% Stage II, 24% stage III). Twelve (57%) patients were infected with HIV. Their mean CD4 cell count was 157/mm3 (SD: 75/mm3, range: 74-232/mm 3). The overall mortality rate was 53%. It was 100% when no portal of entry was found. It was significantly higher among HIV-positive than HIV-negative patients (82 versus 18%). It did not, however, differ significantly between HIV-positive subjects with a CD4 count<200/mm3 and those with a CD4 count > 200 (58 versus 42%). Conclusion: HIV and the absence of portal of entry are poor prognostic factors in tetanus. Therefore, a revision of the Dakar International Classification on tetanus should be revised, to score as 1 those patients with HIV infection and no portal of entry.