Skip to content
Home
About Us
Resources
Profiles Metrics
Authors Directory
Institutions Directory
Top Authors
Top Institutions
Top Sponsors
AI Digest
Contact Us
Menu
Home
About Us
Resources
Profiles Metrics
Authors Directory
Institutions Directory
Top Authors
Top Institutions
Top Sponsors
AI Digest
Contact Us
Home
About Us
Resources
Profiles Metrics
Authors Directory
Institutions Directory
Top Authors
Top Institutions
Top Sponsors
AI Digest
Contact Us
Menu
Home
About Us
Resources
Profiles Metrics
Authors Directory
Institutions Directory
Top Authors
Top Institutions
Top Sponsors
AI Digest
Contact Us
Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 6, No. 7, Year 2022
Notification
URL copied to clipboard!
Description
Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM2·5. Interpretation: Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM2·5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC9278144/bin/mmc1.pdf
Authors & Co-Authors
Burkart, Katrin G.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Causey, Kate
Unknown Affiliation
Cohen, Aaron J.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
United States, Boston
Health Effects Institute
Wozniak, Sarah S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Salvi, Devashri Digvijay
United States, Boston
Boston University
Abbafati, Cristiana
Italy, Rome
Sapienza Università Di Roma
Adekanmbi, V. T.
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Cardiff University
Adsuar, Jose C.
Spain, Badajoz
Universidad de Extremadura
Ahmadi, Keivan
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Alahdab, Fares
United States, Rochester
Mayo Clinic
Al-Aly, Ziyad
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Department of Veterans Affairs
Alipour, Vahid
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Colombia, Barranquilla
Universidad de la Costa
Colombia, Cartagena
Universidad de Cartagena
Amegah, A. K.
Ghana, Cape Coast
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Andrei, Câtâlina Liliana
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Andrei, Tudorel
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Ansari, Fereshteh
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Karaj
Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Iran
Arabloo, Jalal
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Aremu, Olatunde
United Kingdom, Birmingham
Birmingham City University
Aripov, Timur Y.
United States, Boston
Boston Children's Hospital
Babaee, Ebrahim
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Banach, Maciej P.
Poland, Lodz
Medical University of Lodz
Poland, Lodz
Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki
Barnett, Anthony
Australia, Sydney
Australian Catholic University
Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
Bedi, Neeraj
India, Navi Mumbai
D y Patil University, Navi Mumbai
Saudi Arabia, Jazan
Jazan University
Bejot, Y.
France, Dijon
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon Bourgogne
France, Dijon
Université de Bourgogne
Bennett, Derrick A.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Benseñor, Isabela Judith Martins
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
India, Kalyani
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
India, Kolkata
University of Calcutta
Bijani, Ali
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Biondi, Antonio Giuseppe
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Bohlouli, Somayeh
Iran, Kermanshah
Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch
Breitner, Susanne
Germany, Munich
Ludwig-maximilians-universität München
Germany, Oberschleissheim
Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health
Brenner, Hermann
Germany, Heidelberg
German Cancer Research Center
Butt, Zahid A.
Canada, Waterloo
University of Waterloo
Pakistan, Rawalpindi
Al-shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Instituto Universitario Del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Cantú-Brito, Carlos Gerardo
Mexico, Tlalpan
Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran
Carvalho, Félix Dias
Portugal, Caparica
Ucibio-requimte
Cerin, Ester
Australia, Sydney
Australian Catholic University
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Chauhan, Bal Govind
India, Pune
Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics
India, Mumbai
International Institute for Population Sciences
Choi, Jee Young Jasmine J.
South Korea, Seoul
Seoul National University Hospital
Chu, Dinh Toi
Viet Nam, Hanoi
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Dai, Xiaochen
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Dandona, Lalit
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Dandona, Rakhi
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
India, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research
Daryani, Ahamd
Iran, Sari
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Davletov, K.
Kazakhstan, Almaty
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
de Courten, Barbora
Australia, Clayton
Monash Health
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Sri Lanka, Peradeniya
University of Peradeniya
Dhimal, Megnath
Nepal, Kathmandu
Nepal Health Research Council
Diaz, D.
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Mexico, Culiacan
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Djalalinia, Shirin S.
Iran, Tehran
Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Duncan, Bruce Bartholow
Brazil, Porto Alegre
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Zaki, Maysaa El S.
Egypt, Cairo
Egypt Ministry of Higher Education
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Fareed, Mohammad F.
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Al-imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Farzadfar, Farshad
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Fatahi, Nazir
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Ardabil
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Fernandes, Eduarda G.R.
Portugal, Porto
Laqv-requimte
Filip, Irina
United States, Oakland
Kaiser Permanente
United States, Mesa
Arizona School of Health Sciences
Fischer, Florian
Germany, Berlin
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Foigt, Nataliya A.
Ukraine, Kyiv
National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
Freitas, Marisa
Portugal, Porto
Laqv-requimte
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Iran, Qazvin
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Gill, Paramjit Singh
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
United States, Oklahoma City
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Federated States of Micronesia, Kolonia
Federated States of Micronesia
Guo, Yuming
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
China, Binzhou
Binzhou Medical College
Gupta, Rajat Das
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Brac University
Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie
Netherlands, Maastricht
Universiteit Maastricht
Hankey, Graeme J.
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Australia, Perth
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
Hasanpoor, Edris
Iran, Maragheh
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Hassen, H. Y.
Belgium, Edegem
Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen
Ethiopia, Mizan Teferi
Mizan-tepi University
Hay, Simon I.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Heibati, Behzad
Finland, Oulu
Oulun Yliopisto
Hole, Michael K.
United States, Austin
The University of Texas at Austin
Hossain, Naznin
Unknown Affiliation
Househ, Mowafa Said
Qatar, Doha
Hamad Bin Khalifa University
Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina
Unknown Affiliation
Jaafari, Jalil
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Japan, Tokyo
Hosei University
Jonas, Jost Bruno
Switzerland, Basel
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Jóźwiak, Jacek Jerzy
Poland, Opole
Uniwersytet Opolski
Kasaeian, Amir
Iran, Tehran
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kaydi, Neda
Iran, Ahvaz
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Jordan, Irbid
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif
Iran, Ahvaz
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
Pakistan, Islamabad
Health Services Academy Islamabad
Khan, Junaid
Unknown Affiliation
Khan, Md Nuruzzaman
Unknown Affiliation
Khatab, Khaled
United Kingdom, Sheffield
Sheffield Hallam University
United States, Athens
Ohio University
Khater, Amir M.
Egypt, Giza
Cairo University
Kim, Yun-jin
Malaysia, Sepang
Xiamen University Malaysia
Kimokoti, Ruth W.
United States, Boston
Simmons University
Kisa, Adnan
Norway, Oslo
Kristiania University College
United States, New Orleans
Tulane University
Kivimaki, Mika Shipley
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Finland, Helsinki
Helsingin Yliopisto
Knibbs, L. D.
Australia, Brisbane
The University of Queensland
Kosen, Soewarta
Unknown Affiliation
Koul, Parvaiz A.
India, Srinagar
Sher-i-kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Koyanagi, Ai
Spain, Madrid
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
Spain, Barcelona
Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats
Kuate Defo, B.
Canada, Montreal
University of Montreal
Kugbey, Nuworza
Ghana, Somanya
University of Environment and Sustainable Development
Lauriola, Paolo
Unknown Affiliation
Lee, Paul H.
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Lewycka, Sonia
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Li, Shanshan
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Lim, Lee Ling
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Universiti Malaya
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Linn, Shai A.
Israel, Haifa
University of Haifa
Mahasha, Phetole Walter
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur
Nepal, Kathmandu
Tribhuvan University
Majeed, Azeem
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Maleki, Afshin
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Sanandaj
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Malekzadeh, Reza
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Mamun, Abdullah A.
Australia, Brisbane
The University of Queensland
Manafi, Navid
United States, Los Angeles
Doheny Eye Institute
Meharie, Birhanu Geta
Ethiopia, Dessie
Wollo University
Menezes, Ritesh G.
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Meštrović, Tomislav
Croatia, Zagreb
Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic
Croatia, Koprivnica
University North
Miazgowski, Bartosz
Poland, Szczecin
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Miazgowski, Tomasz
Poland, Szczecin
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Miller, Ted R.
United States, Beltsville
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Mirică, Andreea Cristina
Romania, Bucharest
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Mirrakhimov, Erkin
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine
Mohajer, Bahram
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammed, Shafiu Abdullah
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Germany, Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin
Mohan, Viswanathan Krishna
India, Chennai
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
India, Chennai
Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
Mokdad, Ali H.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Monasta, Lorenzo
Italy, Trieste
Irccs Burlo Garofolo
Moraga, Paula
Saudi Arabia, Thuwal
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Morrison, Shane Douglas
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Mueller, Ulrich Otto
Germany, Wiesbaden
Federal Institute for Population Research
Mustafa, Ghulam
Unknown Affiliation
Saravanan, Muthupandian
Ethiopia, Makale
Mekelle University
India, Chennai
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Naik, Gurudatta A.
United States, Birmingham
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Nangia, Vinay B.
India, Nagpur
Suraj Eye Institute
Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Romania, Bucharest
Cardio-aid
Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini
Indonesia, Semarang
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Taiwan, Taipei
Taipei Medical University
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
Australia, Penrith
Western Sydney University
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Nigeria, Lagos
University of Lagos
Onwujekwe, Obinna E.
Nigeria, Naukka
University of Nigeria
Ortiz Arduan, Alberto Arduan
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Spain, Madrid
Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz
Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
Mahesh, Padkuduru A.
India, Mysore
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Unknown Affiliation
Park, Eun-kee
South Korea, Busan
Kosin University
Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Pirsaheb, Meghdad
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Postma, Maarten Jacobus
Netherlands, Groningen
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Rafiei, Alireza
Iran, Sari
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Rahim, Fakher
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Australia, Ballarat
Federation University Australia
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Rai, Rajesh Kumar
India, Suri
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
Germany, Gottingen
Georg-august-universität Göttingen
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Nepal, Kathmandu
Policy Research Institute
Rawal, Lal Bahadur
Australia, Rockhampton
Cquniversity Australia
Renzaho, Andre M.N.
Australia, Penrith
Western Sydney University
Rezapour, Aziz
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Roever, Leonardo S.
Brazil, Uberlandia
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Ronfani, Luca
Italy, Trieste
Irccs Burlo Garofolo
Sabour, Siamak
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Saddik, Basema
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Iran, Mashhad
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Salimzadeh, Hamideh
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Salvi, Sundeep Santosh
India, Pune
Chest Research Foundation
Samy, Abdallah Mohammed
Egypt, Cairo
Ain Shams University
Sanabria, Juan
United States, Huntingdon
Marshall University
United States, Cleveland
Case Western Reserve University
Suárez, Rodrigo Sarmiento
Colombia, Bogota
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
Spain, Madrid
Instituto de Salud Carlos Iii
Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu
Canada, Hamilton
Mcmaster University
Schmidt, Maria Inês
Brazil, Porto Alegre
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Schutte, Aletta E.
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Shaikh, Masood Ali A.
Unknown Affiliation
Sharafi, Kiomars
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Sheikh, Aziz
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Shigematsu, Mika
Japan, Tokyo
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Shiri, Rahman
Finland, Helsinki
Työterveyslaitos
Shirkoohi, Reza
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Soyiri, Ireneous N.
United Kingdom, Hull
University of Hull
Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. T.
Spain, Valencia
Universitat de València
Spain, Madrid
Instituto de Salud Carlos Iii
Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin
Ethiopia, Dessie
Wollo University
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Tehrani-Banihashemi, Seyed Arash
Iran, Tehran
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Temsah, Mohamad Hani
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman
India, Kasaragod
Central University of Kerala
Topoŕ-Ma̧dry, Roman
Poland, Krakow
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Poland, Warsaw
Agency for Health Technology Assessment in Poland
Tudor Car, Lorainne
Singapore, Singapore City
Nanyang Technological University
Ullah, Irfan
Pakistan, Lahore
University of Management and Technology Lahore
Vacante, Marco
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Valdez, Pascual Rubén
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Finland, Tampere
Ukk Institute Finland
Finland, Tampere
Tampere University
Violante, Francesco Saverio
Italy, Bologna
Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna
Italy, Bologna
Irccs Azienda Ospedaliero-universitaria Di Bologna
Waheed, Yasir
Pakistan, Islamabad
Foundation University, Islamabad
Wolfe, Charles Da
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Japan, Kodaira
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Japan, Tokyo
Juntendo University
Yu, Chuanhua
China, Wuhan
Wuhan University
Zaman, Sojib Bin
Australia, Clayton
Monash Health
Bangladesh, Dhaka
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Zodpey, Sanjay P.
India, Gurugram
Indian Institute of Public Health
Lim, Stephen S.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Stanaway, Jeffrey D.
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Brauer, Michael
United States, Seattle
University of Washington
Canada, Vancouver
The University of British Columbia
Statistics
Citations: 53
Authors: 207
Affiliations: 216
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00122-X
ISSN:
25425196
Research Areas
Disability
Environmental
Health System And Policy
Noncommunicable Diseases
Violence And Injury
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Cohort Study
Case-Control Study