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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities
PLoS ONE, Volume 7, No. 3, Article e32638, Year 2012
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Description
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of adult mortality in low-income countries but data on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension are scarce, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aims to assess the prevalence of hypertension and determinants of blood pressure in four SSA populations in rural Nigeria and Kenya, and urban Namibia and Tanzania. Methods and Findings: We performed four cross-sectional household surveys in Kwara State, Nigeria; Nandi district, Kenya; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Greater Windhoek, Namibia, between 2009-2011. Representative population-based samples were drawn in Nigeria and Namibia. The Kenya and Tanzania study populations consisted of specific target groups. Within a final sample size of 5,500 households, 9,857 non-pregnant adults were eligible for analysis on hypertension. Of those, 7,568 respondents ≥18 years were included. The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of hypertension in each of the populations under study. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 19.3% (95%CI:17.3-21.3) in rural Nigeria, 21.4% (19.8-23.0) in rural Kenya, 23.7% (21.3-26.2) in urban Tanzania, and 38.0% (35.9-40.1) in urban Namibia. In individuals with hypertension, the proportion of grade 2 (≥160/100 mmHg) or grade 3 hypertension (≥180/110 mmHg) ranged from 29.2% (Namibia) to 43.3% (Nigeria). Control of hypertension ranged from 2.6% in Kenya to 17.8% in Namibia. Obesity prevalence (BMI ≥30) ranged from 6.1% (Nigeria) to 17.4% (Tanzania) and together with age and gender, BMI independently predicted blood pressure level in all study populations. Diabetes prevalence ranged from 2.1% (Namibia) to 3.7% (Tanzania). Conclusion: Hypertension was the most frequently observed risk factor for CVD in both urban and rural communities in SSA and will contribute to the growing burden of CVD in SSA. Low levels of control of hypertension are alarming. Strengthening of health care systems in SSA to contain the emerging epidemic of CVD is urgently needed. © 2012 Hendriks et al.
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC3299675/bin/pone.0032638.s001.tif
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC3299675/bin/pone.0032638.s002.tif
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC3299675/bin/pone.0032638.s003.doc
Authors & Co-Authors
Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Wit, Ferdinand W.N.M.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Roos, Maryke T.L.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Pharmaccess Foundation
Brewster, Lizzy M.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Akande, Tanimola Makanjuola
Nigeria, Ilorin
University of Ilorin
de Beer, Ingrid H.
Namibia, Windhoek
Pharmaccess Foundation
Mfinanga, Sayoki Godfrey Mrinde
Tanzania
National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania
Kahwa, Amos M.
Tanzania
National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania
Gatongi, Peter Maina
Kenya, Eldoret
Moi University
Van Rooy, Gert
Namibia, Windhoek
University of Namibia
Janssens, Wendy
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Amsterdam Institute for International Development - Aiid
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Lammers, Judith
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Amsterdam Institute for International Development - Aiid
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Kramer, Berber
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Amsterdam Institute for International Development - Aiid
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Bonfrer, Igna
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Amsterdam Institute for International Development - Aiid
Netherlands, Rotterdam
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
Gaeb, Esegiel
Namibia, Windhoek
Namibia Institute of Pathology Nip
van der Gaag, Jacques
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Amsterdam Institute for International Development - Aiid
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Rinke de Wit, Tobias Floris
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Pharmaccess Foundation
Lange, Joep M.A.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Schultsz, Constance
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Statistics
Citations: 402
Authors: 19
Affiliations: 11
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0032638
e-ISSN:
19326203
Research Areas
Noncommunicable Diseases
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Study Locations
Kenya
Namibia
Nigeria
Tanzania