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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
PLoS ONE, Volume 4, No. 3, Article e5107, Year 2009
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Description
Background: Malaria control in Africa is most tractable in urban settlements yet most research has focused on rural settings. Elimination of malaria transmission from urban areas may require larval control strategies that complement adult mosquito control using insecticide-treated nets or houses, particularly where vectors feed outdoors. Methods and Findings: Microbial larvicide (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti)) was applied weekly through programmatic, non-randomized community-based, but vertically managed, delivery systems in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Continuous, randomized cluster sampling of malaria infection prevalence and non-random programmatic surveillance of entomological inoculation rate (EIR) respectively constituted the primary and secondary outcomes surveyed within a population of approximately 612,000 residents in 15 fully urban wards covering 55 km2. Bti application for one year in 3 of those wards (17 km2 with 128,000 residents) reduced crude annual transmission estimates (Relative EIR [95% Confidence Interval] = 0.683 [0.491-0.952], P = 0.024) but program effectiveness peaked between July and September (Relative EIR [CI] = 0.354 [0.193 to 0.650], P = 0.001) when 45% (9/20) of directly observed transmission events occurred. Larviciding reduced malaria infection risk among children ≤5 years of age (OR [CI] = 0.284 [0.101 to 0.801], P = 0.017) and provided protection at least as good as personal use of an insecticide treated net (OR [CI] = 0.764 [0.614-0.951], P = 0.016). Conclusions: In this context, larviciding reduced malaria prevalence and complemented existing protection provided by insecticide-treated nets. Larviciding may represent a useful option for integrated vector management in Africa, particularly in its rapidly growing urban centres. © 2009 Geissbühler et al.
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2661378/bin/pone.0005107.s001.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2661378/bin/pone.0005107.s002.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2661378/bin/pone.0005107.s003.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2661378/bin/pone.0005107.s004.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2661378/bin/pone.0005107.s005.doc
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC2661378/bin/pone.0005107.s006.doc
Authors & Co-Authors
Geissbühler, Yvonne
Switzerland, Allschwil
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Swiss Tph
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government
Tanzania, Ifakara
Ifakara Health Institute
Kannady, Khadija
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government
Chaki, Prosper Pius
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government
Tanzania, Ifakara
Ifakara Health Institute
United Kingdom, Durham
Durham University
Emidi, Basiliana
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
University of Dar es Salaam
Govella, Nicodemus James
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government
Tanzania, Ifakara
Ifakara Health Institute
United Kingdom, Durham
Durham University
Mayagaya, Valeliana
Tanzania, Ifakara
Ifakara Health Institute
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
University of Dar es Salaam
Kiama, Michael
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government
Mtasiwa, Deo M.
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
Mshinda, Hassan M.
Tanzania, Ifakara
Ifakara Health Institute
Lindsay, Steve W.
United Kingdom, Durham
Durham University
Tanner, Marcel
Switzerland, Allschwil
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Swiss Tph
Fillinger, Ulrike
United Kingdom, Durham
Durham University
de Castro, Marcia Caldas
United States, Boston
Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health
Killeen, Gerry Francis
Tanzania, Ifakara
Ifakara Health Institute
United Kingdom, Durham
Durham University
United Kingdom, Liverpool
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Statistics
Citations: 217
Authors: 14
Affiliations: 8
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0005107
e-ISSN:
19326203
Research Areas
Infectious Diseases
Maternal And Child Health
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Quasi Experimental Study
Study Locations
Tanzania