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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Microdose intravaginal levonorgestrel contraception: A multicentre clinical trial. II. Expulsions and removals
Contraception, Volume 41, No. 2, Year 1990
Notification
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Description
This paper investigates the relationship between expulsions and removals, and demographic characteristics of 1005 women from 19 centres using a vaginal ring releasing 20 μg levonorgestrel per 24 hours. Emphasis is placed on discontinuations of method use due to expulsions, on the number and rate of expulsions, and the time at which the first expulsion occurred. The overall life-table discontinuation rate due to expulsion was 7.1% at one year. Life-table discontinuation rates increased with parity and were highest in Asian and lowest in European women. In respect to the number of expulsions experienced by women (expulsions did not necessarily lead to discontinuation), the women of high parity and those from Asia and Europe have the highest rates. The life-table first expulsion rate is 29% at one year. Such rates are highest in Chinese and Asian women. Following a first expulsion, the second expulsion rate is 45% by the end of the subsequent six months. The majority of first expulsions occur at defaecation (134 or 57% of 234 women), urination (12%) and during menstruation (17%). Rings were removed by 121 (12%) women on 201 occasions and for a variety of reasons. The main medical reasons were vaginal discharge and irritation, bleeding pain and dyspareunia. Others removed the ring during defaecation, intercourse or because the ring came out of place. Women also removed rings for curiosity, to show their husbands and to clean. © 1990.
Authors & Co-Authors
World, Health Organization
Unknown Affiliation
Task, F.
Unknown Affiliation
Development,
Unknown Affiliation
Training in Human Reproduction,
Unknown Affiliation
Koetsawang, Suporn
Unknown Affiliation
Gao, Ji
Unknown Affiliation
Krishna, U.
Unknown Affiliation
Cuadros, Alvaro
Unknown Affiliation
Dhall, G. I.
Unknown Affiliation
Wyss, R.
Unknown Affiliation
la Puenta, J. Rodriquez
Unknown Affiliation
Andrade, Amaury Teixeira Leite
Unknown Affiliation
Khan, Talat
Unknown Affiliation
Kononova, E. S.
Unknown Affiliation
Lawson, J. P.
Unknown Affiliation
Parekh, U.
Unknown Affiliation
Elstein, Max E.
Unknown Affiliation
Hingorani, V.
Unknown Affiliation
Wang, Na ning
Unknown Affiliation
Yao, Zhong beng
Unknown Affiliation
Landgren, B. M.
Unknown Affiliation
Boukhris, R.
Unknown Affiliation
Lo, Li lan
Unknown Affiliation
Boccard, S.
Unknown Affiliation
Machin, David
Unknown Affiliation
Pinol, Alain P.Y.
Unknown Affiliation
Rowe, P. J.
Unknown Affiliation
Statistics
Citations: 27
Authors: 27
Affiliations: 22
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/0010-7824(90)90142-I
ISSN:
00107824
Research Areas
Sexual And Reproductive Health
Participants Gender
Female