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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
general
Temporal and spatial analysis of the 2014-2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa
Nature, Volume 524, No. 7563, Year 2015
Notification
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Description
West Africa is currently witnessing the most extensive Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak so far recorded. Until now, there have been 27,013 reported cases and 11,134 deaths. The origin of the virus is thought to have been a zoonotic transmission from a bat to a two-year-old boy in December 2013 (ref. 2). From this index case the virus was spread by human-to-human contact throughout Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. However, the origin of the particular virus in each country and time of transmission is not known and currently relies on epidemiological analysis, which may be unreliable owing to the difficulties of obtaining patient information. Here we trace the genetic evolution of EBOV in the current outbreak that has resulted in multiple lineages. Deep sequencing of 179 patient samples processed by the European Mobile Laboratory, the first diagnostics unit to be deployed to the epicentre of the outbreak in Guinea, reveals an epidemiological and evolutionary history of the epidemic from March 2014 to January 2015. Analysis of EBOV genome evolution has also benefited from a similar sequencing effort of patient samples from Sierra Leone. Our results confirm that the EBOV from Guinea moved into Sierra Leone, most likely in April or early May. The viruses of the Guinea/Sierra Leone lineage mixed around June/July 2014. Viral sequences covering August, September and October 2014 indicate that this lineage evolved independently within Guinea. These data can be used in conjunction with epidemiological information to test retrospectively the effectiveness of control measures, and provides an unprecedented window into the evolution of an ongoing viral haemorrhagic fever outbreak. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Carroll, Miles W.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
United Kingdom, Southampton
Southampton General Hospital
Matthews, David A.
United Kingdom, Bristol
University of Bristol
Hiscox, Julian A.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Elmore, Michael J.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Pollakis, Georgios P.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Rambaut, Andrew
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
United States, Bethesda
Fogarty International Center
Hewson, Roger
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
García-Dorival, Isabel
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Bore, Joseph Akoi
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Guinea, Conakry
Université de Conakry
Guinea
Institut National de Santé Publique
Koundouno, Raymond
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Guinea, Conakry
Université de Conakry
Guinea
Institut National de Santé Publique
Abdellati, Saïd
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Belgium, Antwerpen
Prins Leopold Instituut Voor Tropische Geneeskunde
Afrough, Babak
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Aiyepada, John Oke
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Akhilomen, Patience
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Asogun, Danny A.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Atkinson, Barry
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Badusche, Marlis
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Bah, Amadou
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Switzerland, Allschwil
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Swiss Tph
Bate, Simon R.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Baumann, Jan
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Becker, Dirk
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Marburg
Philipps-universität Marburg
Becker-Ziaja, Beate
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Bocquin, Anne
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
France, Lyon
National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
France, Paris
Inserm
Borremans, Benny
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Belgium, Antwerpen
Universiteit Antwerpen
Bosworth, Andrew
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Boettcher, Jan Peter
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Cannas, Angela
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Carletti, Fabrizio
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Castilletti, Concetta
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Clark, Simon O.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Colavita, Francesca
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Diederich, Sandra
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Tubingen
Friedrich-loeffler-institute
Donatus, Adomeh I.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Duraffour, Sophie
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Belgium, Leuven
Ku Leuven
Ehichioya, Deborah U.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Ede
Redeemer‘s University
Ellerbrok, Heinz
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Fernández-garcía, Maria Dolores
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Spain, Madrid
Instituto de Salud Carlos Iii
Fizet, Alexandra
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
France, Lyon
National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
France, Paris
Institut Pasteur, Paris
Fleischmann, Erna
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Munich
Institut Für Mikrobiologie Der Bundeswehr
Gryseels, Sophie
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Belgium, Antwerpen
Universiteit Antwerpen
Hermelink, Antje
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Hinzmann, Julia
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Hopf-Guevara, Ute
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Ighodalo, Yemisi
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Jameson, Lisa J.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Kelterbaum, Anne
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Marburg
Philipps-universität Marburg
Kis, Zoltán
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Hungary, Budapest
National Center for Epidemiology
Kloth, Stefan
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Kohl, Claudia
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Korva, Misa
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Slovenia, Ljubljana
Univerza V Ljubljani
Kraus, Annette A.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Sweden, Solna
Public Health Agency of Sweden
Kuisma, Eeva
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Kurth, Andreas
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Liedigk, Britta
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Logue, Christopher H.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Lüdtke, Anja
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Hamburg
Heinrich-pette-institut Leibniz-institut Für Experimentelle Virologie
Maes, Piet
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Belgium, Leuven
Ku Leuven
McCowen, James W.I.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Mély, Stéphane
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
France, Lyon
National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
France, Paris
Inserm
Mertens, Marc L.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Tubingen
Friedrich-loeffler-institute
Meschi, Silvia
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Meyer, Benjamin J.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Bonn
Universität Bonn
Michel, Janine
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Molkenthin, Peter
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Munich
Institut Für Mikrobiologie Der Bundeswehr
Muñoz-Fontela, César
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Hamburg
Heinrich-pette-institut Leibniz-institut Für Experimentelle Virologie
Muth, Doreen
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Bonn
Universität Bonn
Newman, Edmund N.C.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Ngabo, Didier
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Oestereich, Lisa
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Okosun, Jennifer
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Olokor, Thomas
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Omiunu, Racheal
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Omomoh, Emmanuel O.
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Pallasch, Elisa
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Pályi, Bernadett
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Hungary, Budapest
National Center for Epidemiology
Portmann, Jasmine
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Switzerland, Bern
Federal Office for Civil Protection, Bern
Pottage, Thomas
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Pratt, Catherine B.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Priesnitz, Simone
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Hamburg
Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg
Quartu, Serena
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Rappe, Julie Christiane Françoise
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Switzerland, Mittelhausen
Institut Für Viruskrankheiten Und Immunprophylaxe
Repits, Johanna Gabriella
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Richter, Martin
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Rudolf, Martin
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Sachse, Andreas
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Schmidt, Kristina Maria
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Schudt, Gordian
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Marburg
Philipps-universität Marburg
Strecker, Thomas
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Marburg
Philipps-universität Marburg
Thom, Ruth E.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Thomas, Stephen A.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Tobin, Ekaete Alice
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Nigeria, Hamburg
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Tolley, Howard
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Trautner, Jochen
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Vermoesen, Tine
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Belgium, Antwerpen
Prins Leopold Instituut Voor Tropische Geneeskunde
Vitoriano, Inês
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Wagner, Matthias
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Munich
Institut Für Mikrobiologie Der Bundeswehr
Wolff, Svenja
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Marburg
Philipps-universität Marburg
Yue, Constanze
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Kretschmer, Birte
Unknown Affiliation
Hall, Yper H.J.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Kenny, John G.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Rickett, Natasha Y.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Dudas, Gytis
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Kerber, Romy
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Keita, Sakoba
Guinea, Hamburg
Ministry of Health Guinea
Drury, Patrick Anthony
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Diallo, Boubacar Ibrahima
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
de Clerck, Hilde
Unknown Affiliation
van Herp, Michel
Unknown Affiliation
Sprecher, Armand G.
Unknown Affiliation
Traoré, Alexis
Guinea
Section Prévention et Lutte Contre la Maladie à la Direction Préfectorale de la Santé de Guéckédou
Diakité, Mandiou
Guinea, Conakry
Université de Conakry
Kondé, Mandy Kader
Unknown Affiliation
Koivogui, Lamine
Guinea
Institut National de Santé Publique
Magassouba, N'Faly F.
Guinea, Conakry
Université de Conakry
Nitsche, Andreas
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Berlin
Robert Koch Institute
Strasser, Marc
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Switzerland, Bern
Federal Office for Civil Protection, Bern
Ippolito, Giuseppe
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Becker, Stephan
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Marburg
Philipps-universität Marburg
Stoecker, Kilian
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Munich
Institut Für Mikrobiologie Der Bundeswehr
Gabriel, Martin
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Raoul, Hervé
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
France, Paris
Inserm
Di Caro, Antonino
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Italy, Rome
Irccs Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani
Wölfel, Roman
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Germany, Munich
Institut Für Mikrobiologie Der Bundeswehr
Formenty, Pierre Bernard Henri
Switzerland, Geneva
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
Günther, Stephan
Germany, Hamburg
Bernhard Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
Germany, Braunschweig
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Hzi
Statistics
Citations: 282
Authors: 127
Affiliations: 38
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1038/nature14594
ISSN:
00280836
Research Areas
Genetics And Genomics
Health System And Policy
Infectious Diseases
Study Locations
Multi-countries
Guinea
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Participants Gender
Male