Conducting a Randomized Controlled Trial in Tanzania: Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute

Introduction: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience a large volume of orthopaedic trauma, but limited research exists to evaluate effective treatments using locally available means. Academic partners can help design and implement research studies through collaborative efforts with local investigators. We will describe the study design and lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial in Tanzania comparing outcomes of 2 operative treatments for open tibia fractures. Study Design: The Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology at the University of California, San Francisco, and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, partnered to design a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Adult patients with open tibia fractures were randomized to receive either intramedullary nailing or external fixation as definitive fixation. Our primary outcome was the rate of reoperation, and secondary outcomes included EQ-5D, pain, function, radiographic union, and return to work. Results: We enrolled 40 patients in a pilot study that informed improvements in the study design and standard operating procedures. These modifications included development of a specific outline of the technical standards for each surgical intervention and held training workshops to disseminate this knowledge among operative surgeons. This resulted in the successful enrollment and standardized treatment of our target sample of 240 patients. Discussion: There are several challenges in conducting highquality, international research. Keys for success include maintaining a strong relationship between partners, having local research coordinators, simplifying data collection and storage, and incentivizing patients to attend follow-up visits.