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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Global genetic structure and molecular epidemiology of encapsulated haemophilus influenzae
Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, No. 1, Year 1990
Notification
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Description
A collection of 2, 209 isolates of six polysaccharide capsule types of Haemophilus influenzoe, including 1, 975 serotype b isolates recovered in 30 countries was characterized for electrophoretically demonstrable allele profiles at 17 metabolic enzyme loci. Two hundred eighty distinct multilocus genotypes were distinguished, and cluster analysis revealed two primary phylogenetic divisions. The population structure of encapsulated H. influenzae is clonal. Currently, most of the invasive disease worldwide is caused by serotype b strains of nine clones, Strains producing serotype c, e, and f capsules belong to single divisions and have no close genetic relationships to strains of other serotypes, Serotype a and b strains occur in both primary phylogenetic divisions, probably as a result of transfer and recombination of serotype-specific sequences of the cap region between clonal lineages. A close genetic relatedness between serotype d isolates and some strains of serotypes a and b was identified, There are strong patterns of geographic variation, on an intercontinental scale, in both the extent of genetic diversity and the clonal composition of populations of encapsulated strains, The analysis suggests that the present distribution of clones is, in part, related to patterns of racial or ethnic differentiation and historical demographic movements of the human host populations. © 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Musser, James M.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Kroll, J. Simon
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Granoff, Dan M.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Moxon, E. Richard
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Brodeur, Bernard R.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Campos, Jose
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Dabernat, Henri J.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Frederiksen, Wilhelm
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Hamel, Josee
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Hammond, Gregory W.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Höiby, Ernst Arne
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Jónsdóttir, Kristín E.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Kabeer, Mustafa
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Kallings, Ingegerd
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Khan, Waheed N.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Kilian, Mogens
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Knowles, Kathleen
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Koornhof, Hendrik J.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Law, Barbara J.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Li, Karl I.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Montgomery, Janet M.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Pattison, Patricia E.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Piffaretti, Jean Claude L.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Takala, Aino K.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Thong, Mee Len
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Wall, Robert A.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Ward, Joel I.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Selander, Robert K.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
United Kingdom, Oxford
John Radcliffe Hospital
United States, St. Louis
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Canada, Ottawa
Health Canada
Spain, Barcelona
Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d' Hebron
France, Toulouse
Hôpital Purpan
Denmark, Copenhagen
Statens Serum Institut
Canada, Winnipeg
Cadham Provincial Laboratory
Norway, Oslo
Folkehelseinstituttet
Iceland, Reykjavik
Haskoli Islands
Sweden, Stockholm
National Bacteriological Laboratory Stockholm
United States, Washington, D.c.
Childrens National Health System
Denmark, Aarhus
Institut for Odontologi og Oral Sundhed
Canada, Montreal
Centre Universitaire de Santé Mcgill, Hôpital de Montreal Pour Enfants
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Health Laboratory Service
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
United States, Pittsburgh
Upmc Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Papua new Guinea, Goroka
Papua new Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Switzerland, Lugano
Instituto Cantonale Batteriosierologico
Finland, Helsinki
Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos
Australia, Brisbane
North Brisbane Hospitals Board
Australia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
United States, Torrance
Harbor-ucla Medical Center
Statistics
Citations: 239
Authors: 28
Affiliations: 23
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1093/clinids/12.1.75
ISSN:
01620886
Research Areas
Genetics And Genomics
Noncommunicable Diseases
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study