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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
immunology and microbiology
Household water treatment uptake during a public health response to a large typhoid fever outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 90, No. 5, Year 2014
Notification
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Description
Locally manufactured sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) solution has been sold in Zimbabwe since 2010. During October 1, 2011-April 30, 2012, 4,181 suspected and 52 confirmed cases of typhoid fever were identified in Harare. In response to this outbreak, chlorine tablets were distributed. To evaluate household water treatment uptake, we conducted a survey and water quality testing in 458 randomly selected households in two suburbs most affected by the outbreak. Although 75% of households were aware of chlorine solution and 85% received chlorine tablets, only 18% had reportedly treated stored water and had the recommended protective level of free chlorine residuals. Water treatment was more common among households that reported water treatment before the outbreak, and those that received free tablets during the outbreak (P < 0.01), but was not associated with chlorine solution awareness or use before the outbreak (P > 0.05). Outbreak response did not build on pre-existing prevention programs. Copyright © 2014 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Authors & Co-Authors
Imanishi, Maho
United States, Atlanta
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Kweza, Patience F.
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Institute for Communicable Diseases
Slayton, Rachel B.
United States, Atlanta
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Urayai, Tanaka
United States, Washington, D.c.
Population Services International
Ziro, Odrie
Zimbabwe, Harare
Welthungerhilfe-zimbabwe
Mushayi, Wellington
Zimbabwe, Harare
Collaborating Centre for Operational Research and Evaluation
Francis-Chizororo, Monica
Zimbabwe, Harare
Collaborating Centre for Operational Research and Evaluation
Kuonza, Lazarus Rugare
South Africa, Johannesburg
National Institute for Communicable Diseases
Ayers, Tracy L.
United States, Atlanta
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Freeman, Molly M.
United States, Atlanta
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Govore, Emmaculate
Zimbabwe, Harare
Harare City Health Department
Duri, Clemence
Zimbabwe, Harare
Harare City Health Department
Chonzi, Prosper
Zimbabwe, Harare
Harare City Health Department
Mtapuri-Zinyowera, Sekesai
Zimbabwe, Harare
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare Zimbabwe
Manangazira, Portia
Zimbabwe, Harare
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare Zimbabwe
Kilmarx, Peter H.
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
United States, Atlanta
National Center for Hiv, Viral Hepatitis, Std, and tb Prevention
Mintz, Eric Daniel
United States, Atlanta
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Lantagne, Daniele Susan
United States, Medford
Tufts University
Paul, Ajay
Unknown Affiliation
Zinyama, Chiwurawa
United States, Washington, D.c.
Population Services International
Jasi, Phineas
United States, Washington, D.c.
Population Services International
Murima, Boiketho
Zimbabwe
United Nations Children's Funds-zimbabwe
Zindi, Blessing
Zimbabwe
United Nations Children's Funds-zimbabwe
Woldeamanuel, Belete
Zimbabwe
United Nations Children's Funds-zimbabwe
Laver, Susan M.L.
Zimbabwe
United Nations Children's Funds-zimbabwe
Mukeredzi, Innocent
Zimbabwe, Harare
Harare City Health Department
Gumbo, Peter
Zimbabwe
National Microbiology Reference Laboratory-zimbabwe
Dhliwayo, Panganai
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Jagero, Geofrey
Kenya, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Juma, Jane
Kenya, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Williams, Seymour G.
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Wasswa, Peter L.M.
South Africa
African Field Epidemiology Network
Gonzalez-Aviles, Gladys
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Joyce, Kevin J.
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
O'Connor, Katherine
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Parsons, Michele B.
United States, Atlanta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Statistics
Citations: 36
Authors: 36
Affiliations: 14
Identifiers
Doi:
10.4269/ajtmh.13-0497
ISSN:
00029637
Research Areas
Environmental
Health System And Policy
Infectious Diseases
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study
Study Approach
Quantitative
Study Locations
Zimbabwe