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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
general
SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection
Nature, Volume 592, No. 7853, Year 2021
Notification
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Description
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein1 and is a major antibody target. Here we show that chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to viral evolution and reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma, by generating whole-genome ultra-deep sequences for 23 time points that span 101 days and using in vitro techniques to characterize the mutations revealed by sequencing. There was little change in the overall structure of the viral population after two courses of remdesivir during the first 57 days. However, after convalescent plasma therapy, we observed large, dynamic shifts in the viral population, with the emergence of a dominant viral strain that contained a substitution (D796H) in the S2 subunit and a deletion (ΔH69/ΔV70) in the S1 N-terminal domain of the spike protein. As passively transferred serum antibodies diminished, viruses with the escape genotype were reduced in frequency, before returning during a final, unsuccessful course of convalescent plasma treatment. In vitro, the spike double mutant bearing both ΔH69/ΔV70 and D796H conferred modestly decreased sensitivity to convalescent plasma, while maintaining infectivity levels that were similar to the wild-type virus.The spike substitution mutant D796H appeared to be the main contributor to the decreased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies, but this mutation resulted in an infectivity defect. The spike deletion mutant ΔH69/ΔV70 had a twofold higher level of infectivity than wild-type SARS-CoV-2, possibly compensating for the reduced infectivity of the D796H mutation. These data reveal strong selection on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy, which is associated with the emergence of viral variants that show evidence of reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Authors & Co-Authors
Kemp, Steven A.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Collier, Dami Aderonke
United Kingdom, London
University College London
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Datir, Rawlings P.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Ferreira, Isabella A.T.M.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Hosmillo, Myra D.T.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Mlčochová, Petra
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Roberts, David J.
United Kingdom, Bristol
Nhs Blood and Transplant
Chandra, Anita
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Temperton, Nigel James
United Kingdom, Canterbury
University of Kent
Baker, Stephen G.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Dougan, Gordon J.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Hess, Christoph
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Switzerland, Basel
Universitätsspital Basel
Switzerland, Basel
Universitat Basel
Kingston, Nathalie
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Lehner, P. Joseph
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Lyons, Paul A.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Matheson, Nicholas J.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Saunders, Caroline
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Summers, Charlotte
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Royal Papworth Hospital Nhs Foundation Trust
Toshner, Mark R.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Royal Papworth Hospital Nhs Foundation Trust
Weekes, Michael P.
Unknown Affiliation
Bucke, Ashlea
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Calder, Jo
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Canna, Laura
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Domingo, Jason
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Elmer, Anne
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Harris, Julie
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Hewitt, Sarah
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Kennet, Jane
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Jose, Sherly
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Kourampa, Jenny
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Meadows, Anne
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Price, Jane
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Rastall, Rebecca J.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Ribeiro, Carla G.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Rowlands, Jane
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Tordesillas, Hugo
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Dunmore, Benjamin J.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Huang, Christopher L.H.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Mescia, Federica
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Bergamaschi, Laura
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Gleadall, Nicholas S.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Huhn, Oisín
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Rosie Hospital
Jarvis, Isobel
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Stephens, Jonathan Claiborne
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Turner, Lori
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Holmes, E. C.
Australia, Perth
Murdoch University
Dewhurst, Eleanor F.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Papadia, Sofia
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Stirrups, Kathleen E.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Townsend, Paul A.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Loman, Nicholas James
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Connor, Thomas R.
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Cardiff University
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Golubchik, Tanya
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Bonsall, David G.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Török, Mili Estee
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Jackson, David K.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Snell, Luke Blagdon
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Moore, Catherine
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Harrison, Ewan M.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
Gonçalves, Sonia Morgado
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Loose, Matthew W.
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
Moses, Samuel E.
United Kingdom, Canterbury
East Kent Hospitals University Nhs Foundation Trust
United Kingdom, Canterbury
University of Kent
Amato, Roberto
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Nicholls, Sam M.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Bull, Matthew J.
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Smith, Darren Lee
United Kingdom, Newcastle
University of Northumbria
Barrett, Jeffrey C.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Aanensen, David Michael
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Curran, Martin David
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Parmar, Surendra A.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Aggarwal, Dinesh
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Shepherd, James G.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Parker, Matthew D.
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Underwood, Anthony P.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Carabelli, Alessandro M.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Templeton, Kate E.
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
Nhs Lothian
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Sillitoe, John
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
de Silva, Thushan I.
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Wang, Dennis Y.Q.
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Kwiatkowski, Dominic P.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Rambaut, Andrew
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
O'Grady, Justin
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
United Kingdom, Norwich
University of East Anglia
Cottrell, Simon L.
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Holden, Matthew T.G.
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
Public Health Scotland
Thomson, Emma C.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Osman, Husam Kamal Eldin
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
United Kingdom, Birmingham
Heartlands Hospital
Andersson, Monique I. Ingrid
United Kingdom, Oxford
Oxford University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Lawniczak, Mara K.N.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Chand, Meera A.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Darby, Alistair Charles
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Hiscox, Julian A.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Paterson, Steve C.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Martincorena, Iñigo
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Robertson, David L.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Volz, Erik M.
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Page, Andrew J.
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Pybus, Oliver George
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Bassett, Andrew Roger
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Ariani, Cristina Valente
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Shah, Rajiv N.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Taha, Yusri A.
United Kingdom, Newcastle
The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
McHugh, Martin P.
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
Nhs Lothian
Nelson, Andrew T.
United Kingdom, Newcastle
University of Northumbria
Young, Gregory R.
United Kingdom, Newcastle
University of Northumbria
McCann, Clare M.
United Kingdom, Newcastle
University of Northumbria
Temperton, Ben
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
Roy, Sunando
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Price, Anna
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Cardiff University
Rooke, Stefan
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
de Cesare, Mariateresa
United Kingdom, Oxford
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
O’Toole, Áine Niamh
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Hesketh, Andrew R.
United Kingdom, Brighton
University of Brighton
Plessis, Louis Du
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Ruis, Christopher
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Bourgeois, Yann X.C.
United Kingdom, Portsmouth
University of Portsmouth
Edgeworth, Jonathan D.
United Kingdom, London
Guy's and st Thomas' Nhs Foundation Trust
Breuer, Judith M.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
United Kingdom, London
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Nhs Foundation Trust
Todd, John A.
United Kingdom, Oxford
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
Fraser, Christophe
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Buck, David
United Kingdom, Oxford
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
Kay, Gemma Louise
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Peacock, Sharon J.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Robinson, Esther R.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
United Kingdom, Birmingham
Heartlands Hospital
McNally, Alan
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Muir, Peter
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Dervisevic, Samir
United Kingdom, Norwich
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Meader, Emma Jane
United Kingdom, Norwich
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Park, Naomi R.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Jeffries, Aaron Richard
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
da Silva Filipe, Ana
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Williams, Chris J.A.
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Masoli, Jane A.H.
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
United Kingdom, Exeter
Royal Devon and Exeter Nhs Foundation Trust
Knight, Bridget Ann
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
United Kingdom, Exeter
Royal Devon and Exeter Nhs Foundation Trust
Jones, Christopher R.
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
United Kingdom, Exeter
Royal Devon and Exeter Nhs Foundation Trust
Casey, Anna L.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
Bosworth, Andrew
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
United Kingdom, Birmingham
Heartlands Hospital
Jones, Kate E.
United Kingdom, Coventry
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire Nhs Trust
Halstead, Fenella D.
United Kingdom, Hereford
Wye Valley Nhs Trust
Iturriza-Gómara, Miren
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Lucaci, Anita O.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Cox, Alison
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College Healthcare Nhs Trust
Harris, Kathryn Ann
United Kingdom, London
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Nhs Foundation Trust
Brown, Julianne Rose
United Kingdom, London
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Nhs Foundation Trust
Haque, Tanzina J.
United Kingdom, London
Royal Free London Nhs Foundation Trust
McClure, C. Patrick
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
Sloan, Tim J.
United Kingdom, Grimsby
Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Nhs Foundation Trust
Lynch, Jessica
United Kingdom, Guildford
University of Surrey
Warne, Ben
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Williams, Thomas Christie
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Haldenby, Sam T.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Storey, Nathaniel
United Kingdom, London
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Nhs Foundation Trust
Alikhan, Nabil Fareed
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Moore, Chris J.
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
Perry, Malorie
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Lyons, Ronan C.
United Kingdom, Swansea
Swansea University
Davies, Robert M.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Blane, Beth
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Beale, Mathew A.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Bellis, Katherine L.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Dorman, Matthew J.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Drury, Eleanor
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Rajatileka, Shavanthi
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Batra, Rahul
United Kingdom, London
Guy's and st Thomas' Nhs Foundation Trust
Williams, Rachel J.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Kristiansen, Mark
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Green, Angie L.
United Kingdom, Oxford
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
Justice, Anita
United Kingdom, Oxford
Oxford University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Hadjirin, Nazreen F.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Quick, Joshua C.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Poplawski, Radoslaw
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Myers, Richard M.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Stockton, Joanne D.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Williams, Charlotte A.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Trotter, Alexander J.
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Trebes, Amy
United Kingdom, Oxford
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
MacIntyre-Cockett, George
United Kingdom, Oxford
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
Jackson, Christopher H.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Tonkin-Hill, Gerry Q.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Alam, Mohammad Tauqeer
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Orton, Richard J.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Hughes, Joseph T.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Vattipally, Sreenu B.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Ragonnet-Cronin, Manon L.
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Nascimento, Fabrícia F.
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Jorgensen, David
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Geidelberg, Lily
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Zarebski, Alexander Eugene
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Raghwani, Jayna
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Kraemer, Moritz U.G.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Southgate, Joel Alexander
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Cardiff University
United Kingdom, Cardiff
Public Health Wales
Lindsey, Benjamin B.
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Singer, Joshua B.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
de Oliveira Martins, Leonardo
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Yeats, Corin A.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Abudahab, Khalil
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Taylor, Ben E.W.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Danesh, John N.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Holmes, Alison Helen
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College Healthcare Nhs Trust
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Price, James Richard
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College Healthcare Nhs Trust
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Hartley, John A.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Curran, Tanya
United Kingdom, Belfast
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust
Mather, Alison E.
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Stanley, Rachael
United Kingdom, Norwich
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Peto, Timothy E.A.
United Kingdom, Oxford
Oxford University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Eyre, David William
United Kingdom, Oxford
Oxford University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Crook, Derrick W.
United Kingdom, Oxford
Oxford University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Vernet, Gabrielle
United Kingdom, Basingstoke
Hampshire Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Bradley, Declan T.
United Kingdom, Belfast
Queen's University Belfast
United Kingdom, London
Public Health
Churcher, Carol M.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Coll, Francesc
United Kingdom, London
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Scarlett, Garry P.
United Kingdom, Portsmouth
University of Portsmouth
Smith, Nikki M.G.
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Sridhar, Sushmita
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Forrest, Sally
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Higginson, Ellen E.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Maes, Mailis
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Wantoch, Michelle
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Wellcome - Mrc Cambridge Stem Cell Institute
Jamrozy, Dorota M.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Lo, Stephanie W.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Hill, Verity
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Bewshea, Claire M.
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
Ellard, Sian
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
United Kingdom, Exeter
Royal Devon and Exeter Nhs Foundation Trust
Chalker, Victoria J.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Richter, Alex G.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Andrew D. Beggs, Andrew D.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Asamaphan, Patawee
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Gunson, Rory N.
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Nhs Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Mollett, Guy
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Nhs Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Tang, Julians Wei Tze
United Kingdom, Leicester
University Hospitals of Leicester Nhs Trust
Hale, Antony D.
United Kingdom, Leeds
Leeds Teaching Hospitals Nhs Trust
Turtle, Lance C.W.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Heaney, Judith
Unknown Affiliation
Taylor, Graham P.
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Atkinson, Laura
United Kingdom, London
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Nhs Foundation Trust
Lee, Jack C.D.
United Kingdom, London
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Nhs Foundation Trust
Baker, Paul N.
United Kingdom, Middlesbrough
South Tees Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Davidson, Rose K.
United Kingdom, Norwich
University of East Anglia
Ball, Jonathan K.
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
Fleming, Vicki M.
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
Lister, Michelle M.
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
Wise, Emma L.
United Kingdom, Guildford
University of Surrey
Moore, Nathan A.
United Kingdom, Guildford
University of Surrey
Mori, Matilde
United Kingdom, Guildford
University of Surrey
United Kingdom, Southampton
University of Southampton
Cortes, Nicholas J.
United Kingdom, Guildford
University of Surrey
Kidd, Stephen P.
United Kingdom, Guildford
University of Surrey
Williams, Rebecca P.
United Kingdom, Basingstoke
Hampshire Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Keeley, Alexander Ryota
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Abnizova, Irina I.
Unknown Affiliation
Ali, Mozam
Unknown Affiliation
Bala, Sendu
Unknown Affiliation
Barrett, Jeffrey C.
Unknown Affiliation
Berger, Duncan J.
Unknown Affiliation
Berriman, Matthew
Unknown Affiliation
Bevan, Paul
Unknown Affiliation
Buddenborg, Sarah Kay
Unknown Affiliation
Cagan, Alex T.J.
Unknown Affiliation
Clapham, Peter
Unknown Affiliation
Corton, Craig H.
Unknown Affiliation
Dabrowska, Monika H.
Unknown Affiliation
Ellis, Peter D.
Unknown Affiliation
Fraser, Audrey E.
Unknown Affiliation
Goodwin, Scott
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Gray, Emma K.
Unknown Affiliation
Hamilton, William L.
Unknown Affiliation
Hernández-Koutoucheva, Anastasia
Unknown Affiliation
Keatley, Jon Paul
Unknown Affiliation
Korlević, Petra
Unknown Affiliation
Langford, Cordelia F.
Unknown Affiliation
Lindsay, Sarah J.
Unknown Affiliation
Maddison, Mark
Unknown Affiliation
Mayho, Matthew
Unknown Affiliation
Ormond, Doug
Unknown Affiliation
Peacock, Sharon J.
Unknown Affiliation
Quail, Michael A.
Unknown Affiliation
Rajan, Diana
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Rance, Richard
Unknown Affiliation
Richardson, Matthew
Unknown Affiliation
Schwach, Frank
Unknown Affiliation
Smith, Chris
Unknown Affiliation
Smith, James A.
Unknown Affiliation
Steed, Claire
Unknown Affiliation
Swiatkowska, Agnieszka
Unknown Affiliation
Thomson, Nicholas Robert
Unknown Affiliation
Vancollie, Valerie E.
Unknown Affiliation
Walker, Danielle Carey
Unknown Affiliation
Walker, Matthew R.
Unknown Affiliation
Widaa, Sara
Unknown Affiliation
Scott, Carol E.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Thurston, Scott A.J.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
McCarthy, Shane A.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Makunin, Alexey I.
United Kingdom, Hinxton
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Williamson, Kathleen A.
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Studholme, David John
United Kingdom, Exeter
University of Exeter
Mbisa, Tamyo
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Bibby, David F.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Manso, C. F.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Hubb, Jonathan
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Dabrera, Gavin
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Schaefer, Ulf
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Groves, Natalie
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Gallagher, Eileen
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Ellaby, Nicholas A.F.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Hartman, Hassan B.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Ledesma, Juan
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Twohig, Katherine A.
United Kingdom, London
Public Health England
Brown, Paul E.
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Tong, Lily
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Nichols, Jenna
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Nomikou, Kyriaki
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Aranday-Cortes, Elihu
United Kingdom, Glasgow
Mrc-university of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Hughes, Margaret A.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Rainbow, Lucille
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Gregory, Richard
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Gemmell, Matthew R.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Wierzbicki, Claudia
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Webster, Hermione J.
United Kingdom, Liverpool
University of Liverpool
Wilson, Harry D.
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Nebbia, Gaia
United Kingdom, London
Guy's and st Thomas' Nhs Foundation Trust
Bayzid, Nadua
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Rushton, Stephen P.
United Kingdom, Newcastle
Newcastle University
O’Brien, Sarah J.
United Kingdom, Newcastle
Newcastle University
Baker, David James
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Rudder, Steven John
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Sang, Fei
United Kingdom, Nottingham
Queen's Medical Centre
François, Sarah
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Vasylyeva, Tetyana I.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Gutierrez, Bernardo M.
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Tucker, Rachel M.
United Kingdom, Sheffield
The University of Sheffield
Rowe, Will P.M.
United Kingdom, Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Le-Viet, Thanh
United Kingdom, Norwich
Quadram Institute Bioscience
Johnson, Rob A.
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Sharrocks, Katherine E.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Briggs, John A.G.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Döffinger, Rainer
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Ceron-Gutierrez, Lourdes
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Barcenas-Morales, Gabriela
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Goldstein, Richard A.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Smielewska, Anna A.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Skittrall, Jordan Peter
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Goodfellow, Ian Gordon
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni
United Kingdom, Cambridge
Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust
Illingworth, Christopher J.R.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
McCoy, Laura E.
United Kingdom, London
University College London
Gupta, Ravindra K.
United Kingdom, Cambridge
University of Cambridge
South Africa, Durban
Africa Health Research Institute
Statistics
Citations: 569
Authors: 344
Affiliations: 94
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1038/s41586-021-03291-y
ISSN:
00280836
Research Areas
Cancer
Covid
Genetics And Genomics
Study Design
Cross Sectional Study