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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
earth and planetary sciences
Insights into the high-energy γ-ray emission of Markarian 501 from extensive multifrequency observations in the Fermi era
Astrophysical Journal, Volume 727, No. 2, Year 2011
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Description
We report on the γ-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) γ-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 ± 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 ± 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 ± 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size ≲0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (≃1044 erg s-1) constitutes only a small fraction (∼10-3) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20 GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society.
Authors & Co-Authors
Abdo, Aous A.
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
United States, Washington, D.c.
National Academy of Sciences
Ackermann, Markus
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Ajello, Marco
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Allafort, Alice J.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Baldini, Luca
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Ballet, Jean
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation de Paris-saclay
Barbiellini, Guido
Italy, Trieste
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Trieste
Italy, Trieste
Università Degli Studi Di Trieste
Baring, Matthew G.
United States, Houston
Rice University
Bastieri, D.
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Bechtol, Keith C.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bellazzini, Ronaldo
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Berenji, B.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Blandford, Rogerd D.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bloom, Elliott D.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bonamente, Emanuele
Italy, Perugia
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Perugia
Italy, Perugia
Università Degli Studi Di Perugia
Borgland, Anders W.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bouvier, Aurelien
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Brandt, Theresa J.
France, Toulouse
Université Toulouse Iii - Paul Sabatier
United States, Columbus
The Ohio State University
Bregeon, Johan
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Brigida, Monica
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Bruel, Philippe V.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Buehler, Rolf
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Buson, Sara
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Caliandro, Giuseppe Andrea
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Cameron, Robert A.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Caraveo, Patrizia A.
Italy, Milan
Inaf Istituto Di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Milan
Carrigan, Svenja
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Casandjian, Jean Marc
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation de Paris-saclay
Cavazzuti, Elisabetta
Italy, Rome
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
Cecchi, Claudia
Italy, Perugia
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Perugia
Italy, Perugia
Università Degli Studi Di Perugia
Çelik, Ö. Ö.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
United States, Baltimore
University of Maryland, Baltimore County Umbc
Charles, Eric
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Chekhtman, Alexandre
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
United States, Fairfax
George Mason University
Cheung, Chi C.Teddy
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
United States, Washington, D.c.
National Academy of Sciences
Chiang, James
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Ciprini, Stefano
Italy, Perugia
Università Degli Studi Di Perugia
Claus, Richard
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Cohen-Tanugi, Johann
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Conrad, Jan
Sweden, Stockholm
Stockholms Universitet
Sweden, Stockholm
Oskar Klein Centre
Cutini, S.
Italy, Rome
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
Dermer, Charles Dennison
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
de Palma, Francesco
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
do Couto E Silva, Eduardo
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Drell, Persis S.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Dubois, Richard
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Dumora, Denis
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Favuzzi, Cecilia
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Fegan, Stephen J.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Ferrara, Elizabeth C.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
Focke, Warren B.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Fortin, Pascal
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Frailis, Marco
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Infn
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Fuhrmann, Lars
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Fukazawa, Yasushi
Japan, Higashihiroshima
Hiroshima University
Funk, Stefan
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Fusco, Piergiorgio G.
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Gargano, Fabio
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Gasparrini, Dario
Italy, Rome
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
Gehrels, Neil C.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
Germani, Stefano
Italy, Perugia
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Perugia
Italy, Perugia
Università Degli Studi Di Perugia
Giglietto, Nicola
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Giordano, Francesco
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Giroletti, Marcello
Italy, Bologna
Istituto Di Radioastronomia, Bologna
Glanzman, Thomas
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Godfrey, Gary L.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Grenier, Isabelle A.
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation de Paris-saclay
Guillemot, Lucas
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Guiriec, Sylvain
United States, Huntsville
The University of Alabama in Huntsville
Hayashida, Masaaki
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Hays, Elizabeth A.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
Horan, Deirdre
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Hughes, Richard E.
United States, Columbus
The Ohio State University
Jóhannesson, Gudlaugur
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Johnson, Anthony S.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Johnson, William Neil
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
Kadler, Matthias L.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
Germany, Bamberg
Dr. Remeis-sternwarte Bamberg
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
United States, Columbia
Universities Space Research Association
Kamae, Tsuneyoshi
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Katagiri, Hideaki
Japan, Higashihiroshima
Hiroshima University
Kataoka, Jun
Japan, Tokyo
Waseda University
Kn̈odlseder, Jürgen
France, Toulouse
Université Toulouse Iii - Paul Sabatier
Kuss, Michael W.
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Lande, Joshua
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Latronico, Luca
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Lemoine-Goumard, Marianne
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Longo, Francesco
Italy, Trieste
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Trieste
Italy, Trieste
Università Degli Studi Di Trieste
Loparco, Francesco
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Lott, Benoît
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Lovellette, Michael N.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
United States, College Park
University of Maryland, College Park
Lubrano, Pasquale
Italy, Perugia
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Perugia
Italy, Perugia
Università Degli Studi Di Perugia
Madejski, Grzegorz M.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Max-Moerbeck, Walter
United States, Pasadena
California Institute of Technology
Mazziotta, Mario Nicola
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
McEnery, Julie E.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
United States, College Park
University of Maryland, College Park
Méhault, Jérémie
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Michelson, Peter F.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Mitthumsiri, Warit
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Mizuno, Tsunefumi
Japan, Higashihiroshima
Hiroshima University
Moiseev, A. V.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
United States, College Park
University of Maryland, College Park
Monzani, Maria Elena
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
Morselli, Aldo
Italy, Rome
Università Degli Studi Di Roma Tor Vergata
Moskalenko, Igor V.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Murgia, Simona
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Naumann-Godó, Melitta
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation de Paris-saclay
Nolan, Patrick L.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Nuss, Eric
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Ohsugi, Takashi
Japan, Higashihiroshima
Hiroshima University
Omodei, Nicola
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Orlando, E.
Germany, Garching Bei Munchen
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Ormes, Jonathan F.
United States, Denver
University of Denver
Paneque, David
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Parent, Damien
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
United States, Fairfax
George Mason University
Pavlidou, Vasiliki
United States, Pasadena
California Institute of Technology
Pearson, Timothy J.
United States, Pasadena
California Institute of Technology
Pelassa, Vèronique
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Pesce-Rollins, Melissa
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Piron, Frédéric
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Porter, Troy A.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Rainó, Silvia
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Rando, Riccardo
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Razzano, Massimiliano
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Readhead, Anthony C.S.
United States, Pasadena
California Institute of Technology
Reimer, Anita
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Reimer, Olaf
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Richards, Joseph L.
United States, Pasadena
California Institute of Technology
Ripken, Joachim
Sweden, Stockholm
Stockholms Universitet
Sweden, Stockholm
Oskar Klein Centre
Ritz, Steven
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Sadrozinski, Hartmut F.W.
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Sánchez, David A.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Scargle, Jefferey D.
United States, Moffett Field
Nasa Ames Research Center
Sgro', Carmelo
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Siskind, Eric J.
United States, Rocky Point
Nycb Realtime Computing Inc.
Spandre, G.
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Spinelli, Paolo
Italy, Bari
Politecnico Di Bari
Italy, Bari
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Bari
Stawarz, Łukasz
Japan, Chofu
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Poland, Krakow
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Stevenson, Matthew A.
United States, Pasadena
California Institute of Technology
Sokolovsky, Kirill V.
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Russian Federation, Moscow
P.n. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Suson, Daniel J.
United States, Westville
Purdue University Northwest
Takahashi, Hiromitsu
Japan, Higashihiroshima
Hiroshima University
Takahashi, Tadayuki
Japan, Chofu
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Thayer, Jana B.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Thompson, David J.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
Tibaldo, Luigi
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation de Paris-saclay
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Torres, Diego F.
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Spain, Barcelona
Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats
Tosti, Gino
Italy, Perugia
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Perugia
Italy, Perugia
Università Degli Studi Di Perugia
Tramacere, Andrea
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Switzerland, Geneva
Université de Genève
Uchiyama, Yasunobu
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Usher, Tracy L.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Vandenbroucke, Justin A.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Vilchez, Nicolas P.E.
France, Toulouse
Université Toulouse Iii - Paul Sabatier
Vitale, V.
Italy, Rome
Università Degli Studi Di Roma Tor Vergata
Waite, A. P.
United States, Stanford
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Wehrle, Ann E.
United States, Boulder
Space Science Institute
Wood, Kent S.
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Naval Research Laboratory
Zensus, Anton J.
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Aleksíc, Jelena
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Antonelli, Lucio Angelo
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Antoranz, Pedro
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Backes, Michael
Germany, Dortmund
Technische Universität Dortmund
Barrio, Juan Abel
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Becerra González, Josefa
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Universidad de la Laguna
Bednarek, Włodzimierz
Poland, Lodz
University of Lodz
Berdyugin, Andrei V.
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Berger, Karsten
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Universidad de la Laguna
Bernardini, Elisa
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Biland, Adrian
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
Blanch, Oscar
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Bock, Rudolf K.
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Bonnoli, Giacomo
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Bordas, Pol
Unknown Affiliation
Bosch-Ramón, Valentí
Unknown Affiliation
Bose, Debanjan
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Braun, Isabel
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
Bretz, Thomas
Germany, Wurzburg
Julius-maximilians-universität Würzburg
Carosi, Alessandro
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Colin, Pierre
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Colombo, E.
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias
Contreras, José Luis
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Cortina, J.
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Covino, Stefano
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Dazzi, Francesco
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Infn
De Angelis, Alessandro D.
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Infn
De Lotto, Barbara
Italy, Trieste
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Trieste
Doert, Marlene
Germany, Dortmund
Technische Universität Dortmund
Domínguez, A. D.
Spain, Madrid
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Prester, Dijana Dominis
Croatia, Zagreb
Institut Ruđer Bošković
Dorner, Daniela
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
Doro, Michele
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Elsässer, Dominik
Germany, Wurzburg
Julius-maximilians-universität Würzburg
Ferenc, Daniela
Croatia, Zagreb
Institut Ruđer Bošković
Fonseca, M. V.
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Font, Ll L.
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Garczarczyk, Markus
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias
Gaug, Markus
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias
Giavitto, Gianluca
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Hadasch, Daniela
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Herrero Davó, Artemio Alonso
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Universidad de la Laguna
Hildebrand, Dorothée
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
Hose, Juergen
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Hrupec, Dario
Croatia, Zagreb
Institut Ruđer Bošković
Jogler, Tobias
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Klepser, Stefan
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Kranich, Daniel
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
La Barbera, Antonino
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Lindfors, Elina J.
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Lombardi, Saverio
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
López-Moya, Marcos
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Lorenz, Eckhart
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
Majumdar, Pratik
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Maneva, Galina M.
Bulgaria, Sofia
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Mankuzhiyil, Nijil
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Infn
Mannheim, Karl
Germany, Wurzburg
Julius-maximilians-universität Würzburg
Maraschi, Laura
Italy, Merate
Osservatorio Astronomico Di Brera
Mariotti, M.
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Martínez, Manel
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Mazin, Daniel
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Meucci, Mario
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Mirzoyan, Razmik G.
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Miyamoto, Hiroko
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Moldón, Javier
Unknown Affiliation
Moralejo, Abelardo
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Nieto, Daniel
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Nilsson, Kari
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Oya, Igor
Spain, Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Paoletti, Riccardo
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Paredes, Josep Maria
Unknown Affiliation
Pasanen, Mikko
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Pauss, Felicitas
Switzerland, Zurich
Eth Zürich
Pegna, Raffaello G.
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Pérez-Torres, M. A.
Spain, Madrid
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Persic, Massimo
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Infn
Italy, Trieste
Osservatorio Astronomico Di Trieste
Prada Moroni, Pier Giorgio
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Prada, Francisco
Spain, Madrid
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Prandini, Elisa
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Puljak, Ivica
Croatia, Zagreb
Institut Ruđer Bošković
Reinthal, Riho
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Rhode, Wolfgang
Germany, Dortmund
Technische Universität Dortmund
Ribó, Marc
Unknown Affiliation
Rico, Javier R.
Spain, Barcelona
Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Saggion, Antonio
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Sánchez-Conde, Miguel A. A.
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias
Spain, San Cristobal de la Laguna
Universidad de la Laguna
Scalzotto, Villi
Italy, Padua
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Padova
Italy, Padua
Università Degli Studi Di Padova
Schweizer, Thomas
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Shayduk, Maxim
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Shore, Steven N.
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Italy, Pisa
Università Di Pisa
Sillanp̈äa, Aimo K.
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Sitarek, Julian
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Poland, Lodz
University of Lodz
Sobczyńska, Dorota
Poland, Lodz
University of Lodz
Spanier, Felix
Germany, Wurzburg
Julius-maximilians-universität Würzburg
Spiro, Susanna
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Stamerra, Antonio
Italy, Pisa
Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione Di Pisa
Takalo, Leo O.
Finland, Turku
Turun Yliopisto
Tavecchio, Fabrizio
Italy, Merate
Osservatorio Astronomico Di Brera
Terzić, Tomislav
Croatia, Zagreb
Institut Ruđer Bošković
Teshima, Masahiro
Germany, Munich
Max Planck Institute for Physics Werner Heisenberg Institute
Zabalza, Víctor
Unknown Affiliation
Zanin, Roberta
Spain, Cerdanyola Del Valles
Institut de Física D'altes Energies, Bellaterra
Acciari, Victor A.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Arlen, Timothy C.
United States, Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles
Aune, Taylor
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Benbow, Wystan R.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Bradbury, Stella M.
United Kingdom, Leeds
University of Leeds
Buckley, James H.
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Bugaev, Viatcheslav V.
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Cannon, Anna
Ireland, Dublin
University College Dublin
Cesarini, Andrea
Ireland, Galway
University of Galway
Ciupik, Larry
United States, Chicago
Adler Planetarium
Cui, Wei
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Dickherber, R.
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Errando, Manel
United States, New York
Columbia University
Falcone, Abraham D.
United States, University Park
Pennsylvania State University
Finley, John P.
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Finnegan, Gary
United States, Salt Lake City
The University of Utah
Fortson, Lucy F.
United States, Chicago
Adler Planetarium
Furniss, Amy K.
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Galante, Nicola
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gall, Daniel
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Gillanders, G. H.
Ireland, Galway
University of Galway
Godambe, Sagar V.
United States, Salt Lake City
The University of Utah
Grube, J.
United States, Chicago
Adler Planetarium
Guénette, Roxanne
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
Gyuk, Geza
United States, Chicago
Adler Planetarium
Hanna, David S.
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
Holder, Jamie A.
United States, Newark
University of Delaware
Hui, C. Michelle
United States, Salt Lake City
The University of Utah
Humensky, T. B.
United States, Chicago
The University of Chicago
Kaaret, Phillip E.
United States, Iowa City
University of Iowa
Karlsson, Niklas
United States, Chicago
Adler Planetarium
Kertzman, M. P.
United States, Greencastle
Depauw University
Kieda, David B.
United States, Salt Lake City
The University of Utah
Konopelko, Alexander K.
United States, Pittsburgh
Pittsburg State University
Krawczynski, Henric S.
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Krennrich, Frank
United States, Ames
Iowa State University
Lang, Mark J.
Ireland, Galway
University of Galway
Maier, Gernot
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
McArthur, Scot P.
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
McCann, Andrew J.
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
McCutcheon, Michael
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
Moriarty, P.
Ireland, Killybegs
Atlantic Technological University
Mukherjee, Reshmi
United States, New York
Columbia University
Ong, RenéA A.
United States, Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles
Otte, Adam Nepomuk
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Pandel, Dirk
United States, Iowa City
University of Iowa
Perkins, Jeremy S.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Pichel, Ana C.
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Instituto de Astronomía y Física Del Espacio
Pohl, Martin
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Germany, Potsdam
Universität Potsdam
Quinn, John
Ireland, Dublin
University College Dublin
Ragan, K. J.
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
Reyes, Luis C.
United States, Chicago
The University of Chicago
Reynolds, P. T.
Ireland, Bishopstown
Munster Technological University Mtu
Roache, Emmet T.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Rose, H. J.
United Kingdom, Leeds
University of Leeds
Rovero, Adrián C.
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Instituto de Astronomía y Física Del Espacio
Schroedter, Martin
United States, Ames
Iowa State University
Sembroski, Glenn H.
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Şentürk, Güneş Demet
United States, New York
Columbia University
Steele, David
United States, Chicago
Adler Planetarium
United States, Los Alamos
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Swordy, Simon P.
United States, Chicago
The University of Chicago
Teŝić, Gordana
Canada, Montreal
Université Mcgill
Theiling, Mark F.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Thibadeau, S.
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Varlotta, A.
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Vincent, Stéphane
United States, Salt Lake City
The University of Utah
Wakely, Scott P.
United States, Chicago
The University of Chicago
Ward, John Ennis
Ireland, Dublin
University College Dublin
Weekes, Trevor C.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Weinstein, Amanda
United States, Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles
Williams, David A.
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Wood, Matthew D.
United States, Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles
Zitzer, Benjamin
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Villata, Massimo
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Raiteri, Claudia M.
Italy, Rome
Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofisica, Rome
Aller, Hugh D.
United States, Ann Arbor
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Aller, M. F.
United States, Ann Arbor
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Arkharov, Arkady A.H.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Blinov, Dmitry A.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Calcidese, Paolo
Unknown Affiliation
Chen, Wenping
Taiwan, Taoyuan
National Central University
Efimova, Natalia V.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Kimeridze, Givi N.
Georgia, Abastumani
Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
Grishina, Tatiana S.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Kopatskaya, Evgenia N.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Koptelova, Ekaterina A.
Taiwan, Taoyuan
National Central University
Kurtanidze, Omar M.
Georgia, Abastumani
Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
Kurtanidze, Sofia O.
Georgia, Abastumani
Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
L¨ahteenm¨aki, Anne A.
Finland, Espoo
Aalto University
Larionov, Valeri M.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg (ex Leningrad)
Isaac Newton Institute of Chile
Larionova, Elena G.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Larionova, Liudmilla V.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Ligustri, Rolando
Unknown Affiliation
Morozova, Daria A.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Nikolashvili, M. G.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Sigua, Lorand A.
Georgia, Abastumani
Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
Troitsky, Ivan S.
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University
Angelakis, Emmanouil
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Capalbi, Milvia
Italy, Rome
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
De La Fuente, Eduardo
Mexico, Guadalajara
Universidad de Guadalajara
Gurwell, Mark A.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kovalev, Y. Y.
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Russian Federation, Moscow
P.n. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Kovalev, Yu A.
Russian Federation, Moscow
P.n. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Krichbaum, Thomas P.
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Krimm, Hans A.
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
United States, Columbia
Universities Space Research Association
Leto, Paolo
Italy, Catania
Osservatorio Astrofisico Di Catania
Lister, Matthew L.
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
MacCaferri, Giuseppe
Italy, Bologna
Istituto Di Radioastronomia, Bologna
Moody, Joseph Ward
United States, Provo
Brigham Young University
Nestoras, Ioannis
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Orlati, Andrea
Italy, Bologna
Istituto Di Radioastronomia, Bologna
Pagani, Claudio
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Perri, Matteo
Italy, Rome
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
Piner, B. Glenn
United States, Whittier
Whittier College
Pushkarev, Alexander B.
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ukraine, Bakhchysarai
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Ras
Ros, Eduardo
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Spain, Valencia
Universitat de València
Sadun, Alberto C.
United States, Denver
University of Colorado Denver
Sakamoto, Takanori
United States, Greenbelt
Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center
Tornikoski, Merja
Finland, Espoo
Aalto University
Yatsu, Yoichi
Japan, Tokyo
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Statistics
Citations: 153
Authors: 376
Affiliations: 114
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/129
ISSN:
0004637X
Research Areas
Environmental
Health System And Policy