Background Despite growing recognition of the massive surgical burden of disease, unmet need, and disparities in access to care in many African countries, little is known about their capacity to deliver surgical, obstetric, emergency, and anesthetic care, particularly in the rural areas where up to 50 % of the population lives. This study aimed to quantify the surgical capacity of select healthcare facilities in rural southern Nigeria in five key areas: Workforce, Infrastructure, Skill, Equipment, and Supplies. Methods We assessed the surgical capacity of 41 private, rural hospitals in southern Nigeria using the Personnel, Infrastructure, Procedures, Equipment, and Supplies survey tool developed by Surgeons OverSeas. The survey was administered to surgical practitioners during their annual conference in November 2011. Results Among the 41 hospitals surveyed, general practitioners (52.1 %) constituted most of the surgical workforce. Only one anesthesiologist was available in 16 secondary hospitals. Although most of the primary and secondary hospitals had running water (82.3 %), a designated emergency room (80.5 %), and medical records (95.9 %), only 50.3 % of all hospitals had electricity through the power grid. Also, only 37.5 % of all facilities had a blood bank and 43.8 % had an X-ray machine. Common surgical procedures were done by most of the facilities; however, cricothyroidotomy, clubfoot repair, and obstetric fistula repair were scarcely done. Less than half of the facilities provided general anesthesia, only 20 % have an anesthesia machine, and 44.5 % have a pulse oximeter. Conclusion Severe shortages in key areas should motivate stakeholders to devote more effort and resources to strengthening surgical capacity in rural southern Nigeria. © Société Internationale de Chirurgie 2012.
