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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
Income inequality and pandemics: Insights from HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 - A multicountry observational study
BMJ Global Health, Volume 8, No. 9, Article e013703, Year 2023
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Description
Objectives Assess the relationship between income inequality and HIV incidence, AIDS mortality and COVID-19 mortality. Design Multicountry observational study. Setting 217 countries for HIV/AIDS analysis, 151 countries for COVID-19 analysis. Participants Used three samples of national-level data: a sample of all countries with available data (global sample), a subsample of African countries (African sample) and a subsample excluding African countries (excluding African sample). Main outcome measures HIV incidence rate per 1000 people, AIDS mortality rate per 100 000 people and COVID-19 excess mortality rate per 100 000 people. The Gini index of income inequality was the primary explanatory variable. Results A positive and significant relationship exists between the Gini index of income inequality and HIV incidence across all three samples (p<0.01), with the effect of income inequality on HIV incidence being higher in the African sample than in the rest of the world. Also, a statistically positive association exists for all samples between income inequality and the AIDS mortality rate, as higher income inequality increases AIDS mortality (p<0.01). For COVID-19 excess mortality rate, a positive and statistically significant relationship exists with the Gini index for the entire sample and the excluding African sample (p<0.05), but the African sample alone did not deliver significant results (p<0.1). Conclusion COVID-19 excess deaths, HIV incidence and AIDS mortality are significantly associated with income inequality globally - more unequal countries have a higher HIV incidence, AIDS mortality and COVID-19 excess deaths than their more equal counterparts. Income inequality undercuts effective pandemic response. There is an urgent need for concerted efforts to tackle income inequality and to build pandemic preparedness and responses that are adapted and responsive to highly unequal societies, prioritising income inequality among other social determinants of health. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Authors & Co-Authors
Ataguba, John Ele Ojo
Canada, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba
Birungi, Charles
Kenya, Nairobi
Joint United Nations Programme on Hiv/aids Unaids
Kavanagh, Matthew M.
United States, Washington, D.c.
Georgetown University
Switzerland, Geneva
Unaids
Statistics
Citations: 1
Authors: 3
Affiliations: 5
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013703
ISSN:
20597908
Research Areas
Covid
Infectious Diseases
Study Design
Cohort Study