Objective: To identify the determinants of uncontrolled asthma among asthmatic patients on follow-up at Jimma Medical Center. Methods: Institution-based case-control study was conducted on asthmatic patients who were on follow-up at the chest clinic of Jimma University Medical (JMC) from March to May 2020. A total of 59 cases and 118 controls (1: 2 ratio) were included in the study. Cases and controls were defined based on asthma control test (ACT) scores where those who had scores of ≤19 and above 19 were defined to be cases and controls, respectively. Results: Age of the patients [AOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.14, 6.81], age of the cases’ residential houses [AOR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.30, 10.28], presence of pets within the houses [AOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.29, 5.96], having rhinitis [AOR: 3.34; 95% CI: 1.17, 9.52], past asthma exacerbation [AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.05, 5.40], non-adherence to treatment [AOR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.30, 6.08] and smoking [AOR: 7.09; 95% CI: 1.84, 27.33] were found to be determinants of uncontrolled asthma. Conclusions: Uncontrolled asthma results from multiple sociodemographic, environmental, clinical, and behavioral factors. Therefore, patients should be counseled on avoiding pets, maintenance of houses, adherence to treatment, quitting smoking, and early treatment-seeking for rhinitis and asthma exacerbation to improve asthma control comprehensively.
