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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
medicine
Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
The Lancet, Volume 397, No. 10292, Year 2021
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Description
Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Available Materials
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC8223261/bin/mmc1.pdf
https://efashare.b-cdn.net/share/pmc/articles/PMC8223261/bin/mmc2.pdf
Authors & Co-Authors
Reitsma, Marissa Bettay
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Kendrick, Parkes J.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Ababneh, Emad I.
Unknown Affiliation
Abbafati, Cristiana
United States, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
Italy, Rome
Sapienza Università Di Roma
Abdoli, Amir
Iran, Tehran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Abedi, Aidin
Iran, Jahrom
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences
Abhilash, E. S.
United States, Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Abila, Derrick Bary
India, Kozhikode
Sree Narayana Guru College, Chelannur
Uganda, Kampala
Makerere University
Aboyans, Victor
United Kingdom, Manchester
The University of Manchester
France, Limoges
Hopital Dupuytren
Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E.
Unknown Affiliation
Adebayo, Oladimeji Muritala
Palestine, Birzeit
Birzeit University
Advani, Shailesh Mahesh
Nigeria, Ibadan
University College Hospital, Ibadan
United States, Bethesda
National Institutes of Health Nih
Aghaali, Mohammad
United States, Washington, D.c.
Georgetown University
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Iran, Qom
Qom University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Ahmad, Sohail
Australia, Sydney
University of Technology Sydney
Ahmadi, Keivan
Malaysia, Kuala Langat
Mahsa University
Ahmed, Haroon
United Kingdom, Nottingham
University of Nottingham
Aji, Budi
Pakistan, Islamabad
Comsats University Islamabad
Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet
Indonesia, Purwokerto
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Nigeria, Garki
Federal Ministry of Health
United States, St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis
Alanzi, Turki Mashhoor
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Department of Veterans Affairs
AlHabib, Khalid Faiz
Saudi Arabia, Dammam
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Ali, Liaqat
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
King Saud University
Alif, Sheikh M.
Unknown Affiliation
Alipour, Vahid
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Unknown Affiliation
Alla, François F.
Malaysia, Bangi
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Allebeck, Peter
Unknown Affiliation
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Institutet
Colombia, Barranquilla
Research Group in Health Economics
Amin, Tarek Tawfik
Colombia, Cartagena
Universidad de Cartagena
Amini, Saeed
Unknown Affiliation
Amu, Hubert
Unknown Affiliation
Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera
Unknown Affiliation
Ancuceanu, Robert
Unknown Affiliation
Anderson, Jason A.
Unknown Affiliation
Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza
Romania, Bucharest
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Din Bucuresti
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Iran, Zahedan
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
Philippines, Manila
University of the Philippines Manila
Antony, Benny
Unknown Affiliation
Anvari, Davood
Unknown Affiliation
Arabloo, Jalal
Unknown Affiliation
Arian, Nicholas D.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Arora, Monika
Unknown Affiliation
Asaad, Malke
Unknown Affiliation
Ausloos, M.
Unknown Affiliation
Awan, Asma Tahir
Unknown Affiliation
Ayano, Getinet
United States, Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Aynalem, Getie Lake
Unknown Affiliation
Azari, Samad
Unknown Affiliation
Darshan, Bhagwan
Unknown Affiliation
Badiye, Ashish
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Baig, Atif Amin
India, Nagpur
Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur
Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein
Unknown Affiliation
Banach, Maciej P.
Iran, Hamadan
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Poland, Lodz
Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki
Banik, Palash Chandra
Unknown Affiliation
Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn
Bangladesh, Dhaka
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat
United States, Cambridge
Harvard University
Basu, Sanjay
Unknown Affiliation
Bayati, Mohsen
United Kingdom, London
Imperial College London
Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad
Iran, Shiraz
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
United States, Los Angeles
Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
Behzadifar, Masoud
Unknown Affiliation
Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye
Iran, Khorramabad
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Bennett, Derrick A.
Ethiopia, Nekemte
Wollega University
Bensenor, Isabela M.
Unknown Affiliation
Berfield, Kathleen S.Sachiko
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
United States, Washington, D.c.
U.s. Department of Veterans Affairs
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
Bhardwaj, Nikha
Unknown Affiliation
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
India, Pali
Government Medical College Pali
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
Unknown Affiliation
Bibi, Sadia
Unknown Affiliation
Bijani, Ali
Pakistan, Faisalabad
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Bintoro, Bagas Suryo
Iran, Babol
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Biondi, Antonio Giuseppe
Indonesia, Yogyakarta
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara
Italy, Catania
Università Degli Studi Di Catania
Braithwaite, Dejana
Unknown Affiliation
Brenner, Hermann
United States, Gainesville
University of Florida Health
Brunoni, André Russowski
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Burkart, Katrin
Unknown Affiliation
Butt, Zahid A.
Germany, Heidelberg
German Cancer Research Center
Canada, Waterloo
University of Waterloo
Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano
Pakistan, Rawalpindi
Al-shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Car, Josip
Unknown Affiliation
Carreras, Giulia
Italy, Prevention and Clinical Network
Institute for Cancer Research
Carrero, Juan Jesús
Unknown Affiliation
Castaldelli-Maia, João Mauricio
Unknown Affiliation
Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia
Unknown Affiliation
Chang, Jung Chen
Taiwan, Taipei
National Taiwan University
Chen, Simiao
Unknown Affiliation
Chu, Dinh Toi
Unknown Affiliation
Chung, Shengchia
Unknown Affiliation
Cirillo, Massimo
Unknown Affiliation
Costa, Vera M.
Italy, Naples
Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico Ii
Couto, Rosa A.S.
Unknown Affiliation
Dadras, Omid
Portugal, Porto
Universidade do Porto
Dai, Xiaochen
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Damasceno, A. Antonio Moura
Japan, Kyoto
Kyoto University
Damiani, Giovanni
Mozambique, Maputo
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
Italy, Milan
Università Degli Studi Di Milano
Dandona, Lalit
Unknown Affiliation
Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Davletov, K.
Ethiopia, Ambo
Ambo University
Derbew Molla, Meseret
Unknown Affiliation
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar University
Dianatinasab, Mostafa
Sri Lanka, Peradeniya
University of Peradeniya
Ebrahimi-Kalan, Mohammad E.
United States, Boston
Tufts Medical Center
Edvardsson, Kristina
United States, Miami
Florida International University
ElBarazi, Iffat
Czech Republic, Prague
Charles University
El Tantawi, Maha M.A.
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Fadhil, Ibtihal
Unknown Affiliation
Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino
Unknown Affiliation
Sá Farinha, Carla Sofia E.
United Arab Emirates, Dubai
Ministry of Health and Prevention
Farwati, Medhat
Unknown Affiliation
Farzadfar, Farshad
United States, Rochester
Mayo Clinic
Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
Iran, Tehran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Feigin, Valery L.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Iran, Ardabil
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Russian Federation, Moscow
Research Center of Neurology
Ferrara, Pietro
Sweden, Uppsala
Uppsala Universitet
Filippidis, Filippos T.
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Fischer, Florian
Unknown Affiliation
Foigt, Nataliya A.
Unknown Affiliation
Foroutan, M.
Ukraine, Kyiv
National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
Nigeria, Ife
Obafemi Awolowo University
Gaidhane, Abhay M.
Unknown Affiliation
Gallus, Silvano
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Sahiledengle, Biniyam
Italy, Milan
Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Ghafourifard, Mansour
Ethiopia, Robe
Madda Walabu University
Glozah, Franklin N.
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Gnedovskaya, E. V.
Unknown Affiliation
Guha, Avirup
Unknown Affiliation
Guo, Yuming
Unknown Affiliation
Gupta, Rajeev C.
Unknown Affiliation
Gupta, Vin K.
Unknown Affiliation
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
India, Kanpur
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Haider, Mohammad Rifat
Unknown Affiliation
Hamadeh, Randah R.
United States, Athens
Ohio University
Hankey, Graeme J.
Bahrain, Manama
Arabian Gulf University
Australia, Perth
The University of Western Australia
Hasankhani, Hadi
Unknown Affiliation
Hay, Simon I.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Hird, Thomas R.
Unknown Affiliation
Holla, Ramesh
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Househ, Mowafa Said
Romania, Bucharest
National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
Huang, Junjie
Unknown Affiliation
Idrisov, Bulat T.
Nigeria, Ibadan
University of Ibadan
Russian Federation, Ufa
Bashkir State Medical University
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Unknown Affiliation
Ilic, Irena M.
Russian Federation, Dolgoprudny
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Ilic, Milena D.
Serbia, Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja
Serbia, Kragujevac
University of Kragujevac
Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina
Unknown Affiliation
Islam, Rakibul M.
Unknown Affiliation
Itumalla, Ramaiah
Unknown Affiliation
Jaafari, Jalil
Unknown Affiliation
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
Iran, Rasht
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Janjani, Hosna
Iran, Kermanshah
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Jonas, Jost Bruno
India, Varanasi
Banaras Hindu University
Kabir, Ali
Unknown Affiliation
Kabir, Zubair
Estonia, Tartu
Tartu Ülikool
Kalankesh, Leila R.
Unknown Affiliation
Kandel, Himal
Australia, Sydney
Save Sight Institute
Ireland, Cork
University College Cork
Kapoor, Neeti
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Karimi, Salah Eddin
Unknown Affiliation
Vittal Katikireddi, S. Vittal
Unknown Affiliation
Rade, Bayew Kelkay
Unknown Affiliation
Khoja, Abdullah
Unknown Affiliation
Kim, Young-eun
Unknown Affiliation
Kimokoti, Ruth W.
Unknown Affiliation
Kivimaki, Mika Shipley
United States, Boston
Simmons University
Kosen, Soewarta
Unknown Affiliation
Koyanagi, Ai
Unknown Affiliation
Krishan, K.
Unknown Affiliation
Kumar, Nithin Narender
Unknown Affiliation
Kurmi, Om P.
India, Manipal
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
United Kingdom, Coventry
Coventry University
Kusuma, Dian
Unknown Affiliation
Lauriola, Paolo
India, Mangalore
Fr. Muller Medical College Hospital
Leung, Janni K.Y.
South Korea, Suwon
Ajou University
Li, Shanshan
Unknown Affiliation
Lin, Hualiang
Unknown Affiliation
Linn, Shai A.
China, Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou University
Lopez, Alan D.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
China, Chongqing
Chongqing University of Science and Technology
Lopukhov, P. D.
Unknown Affiliation
Lugo, Alessandra
India, Wardha
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University
Majeed, Azeem
Unknown Affiliation
Maleki, Afshin
Unknown Affiliation
Malekzadeh, Reza
Unknown Affiliation
Carvalho Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Unknown Affiliation
Mamun, Abdullah A.
Brazil, Belo Horizonte
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Mansouri, Borhan
Unknown Affiliation
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
Unknown Affiliation
Meretoja, Atte P.
Unknown Affiliation
Miazgowski, Bartosz
Finland, Helsinki
Helsinki University Hospital
Poland, Szczecin
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Michalek, Irmina Maria
Unknown Affiliation
Miller, Ted R.
United States, Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Switzerland, Lausanne
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Mirrakhimov, Erkin
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Mirzaei, Hamed
Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine
Alavijeh, Mehdi Mirzaei
Unknown Affiliation
Moghadaszadeh, Masoud
Unknown Affiliation
Mohamadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
Iran, Kashan
Kashan University of Medical Sciences
Mohammed, Shafiu Abdullah
Unknown Affiliation
Mokdad, Ali H.I.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Monasta, Lorenzo
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Italy, Trieste
Irccs Burlo Garofolo
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
Unknown Affiliation
Morrison, Shane Douglas
Unknown Affiliation
Mossie, Tilahun Belete
Unknown Affiliation
Mullany, Erin C.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Nair, Sanjeev
Unknown Affiliation
Naqvi, Atta Abbas
Unknown Affiliation
Naveed, Muhammad
India, Mysore
Mysore Medical College
Nayak, Vinod C.
Unknown Affiliation
Nduaguba, Sabina O.
Unknown Affiliation
Nguyen, Cuong Tat
Unknown Affiliation
Norrving, Bo
South Africa, Cape Town
University of Cape Town
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
Unknown Affiliation
Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru
Unknown Affiliation
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Unknown Affiliation
Oren, Eyal
Unknown Affiliation
Otstavnov Nikita, S.
United States, San Diego
San Diego State University
Otstavnov, Stanislav S.
United States, San Diego
San Diego State University
Russian Federation, Dolgoprudny
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Unknown Affiliation
Pakshir, Keyvan
Unknown Affiliation
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Unknown Affiliation
Park, Eun-Cheol
Unknown Affiliation
Pestell, R.
United States, New Haven
Yale University
United States, Doylestown
Baruch S. Blumberg Institute
Piradov, Michael A.
Unknown Affiliation
Prashant, Akila V.
Nepal, Kathmandu
Integrated Development Foundation Nepal
Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga
India, Mysore
Jss Academy of Higher Education & Research
Radfar, Amir
Indonesia, Surakarta
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Iran, Tehran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
Unknown Affiliation
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Unknown Affiliation
Rahmani, Amir Masoud
Australia, Melbourne
La Trobe University
Taiwan, Douliou
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Rawal, Lal Bahadur
Unknown Affiliation
Renzaho, Andre M.N.
Australia, Rockhampton
Cquniversity Australia
Rezapour, Aziz
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Riahi, Seyed Mohammad
Mexico, Cuernavaca
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
Roever, Leonardo S.
Unknown Affiliation
Ronfani, Luca
Nigeria, Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Roshandel, Gholamreza H.
Brazil, Uberlandia
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Roy, Bedanta
Unknown Affiliation
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Italy, L'aquila
Università Degli Studi Dell'aquila
Salimzadeh, Hamideh
Unknown Affiliation
Samy, Abdallah Mohammed
United States, Providence
Brown University
Santos, I. S.
Unknown Affiliation
Sarrafzadegan, Nizal S.
Iran, Isfahan
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Ums
Egypt, Cairo
Ain Shams University
Sawhney, Monika S.
Unknown Affiliation
Saylan, Mete I.
United States, Charlotte
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Schutte, Aletta E.
Unknown Affiliation
Seidu, Abdul Aziz
Unknown Affiliation
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
Unknown Affiliation
Shah, Syed Mahboob Ali
Unknown Affiliation
Shalash, Ali Soliman
Unknown Affiliation
Sharafi, Kiomars
Unknown Affiliation
Sheikh, Aziz
Unknown Affiliation
Shivalli, Siddharudha
Unknown Affiliation
Boti, Negussie
India, Karad
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University
Silva, Diego Augusto Santos
United States, New York
Columbia University
Singh, Jasvinder A.
Brazil, Florianopolis
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
United States, Birmingham
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Singh, Virendra P.
United States, Birmingham
Birmingham va Medical Center
Sitas, F.
Unknown Affiliation
Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
India, Navi Mumbai
Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Russian Federation, Moscow
Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
Soboka, Matiwos
Unknown Affiliation
Soriano, Joan B.
Spain, Madrid
Hospital Universitario de la Princesa
Soshnikov, Sergey S.
Russian Federation, Ufa
Bashkir State Medical University
Soyiri, Ireneous N.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Stein, Dan J.
Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City
Dại Học Nguyen Tat Thanh
Sundström, Johan
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar
Japan, Osaka
Osaka International Cancer Institute
Tareke, Minale
Unknown Affiliation
Temsah, Mohamad Hani
Unknown Affiliation
Rekha, T.
Unknown Affiliation
Tolani, Musliu Adetola
Unknown Affiliation
Topouzis, Fotis
Czech Republic, Prague
Czech Technical University in Prague
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Greece, Thessaloniki
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Brazil, Sao Paulo
Universidade de São Paulo
Tran, Bach Xuan
Unknown Affiliation
Tripathy, Jaya Prasad
Unknown Affiliation
Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie
Unknown Affiliation
Tsilimparis, Nikolaos
India, New Delhi
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Tymeson, Hayley D.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Unim, Brigid
Germany, Munich
Ludwig-maximilians-universität München
Updike, Rachel L.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Vacante, Marco
Indonesia, Yogyakarta
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Unknown Affiliation
Vo, Bay
Unknown Affiliation
Waheed, Yasir
Unknown Affiliation
Wang, Yanzhong
Unknown Affiliation
Yamagishi, Kazumasa
Unknown Affiliation
Yatsuya, Hiroshi
Unknown Affiliation
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Ethiopia, Dessie
Wollo University
Japan, Kodaira
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Yu, Chuanhua
Unknown Affiliation
Yunusa, Ismaeel
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Yusefzadeh, Hasan
Japan, Tokyo
Juntendo University
Moghadam, Telma Zahirian
Unknown Affiliation
Zar, Heather J.
Unknown Affiliation
Zastrozhin, Michael Sergeevich
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
Zastrozhina, Anasthasia K.
Unknown Affiliation
Zhang, Zhi Jiang
Unknown Affiliation
Anderson, Jason A.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Burkart, Katrin G.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Feldman, Rachel G.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Gupta, Vinay K.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Murray, Christopher J.L.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Naghavi, Mohsen
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Nixon, Molly R.
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Gakidou, Emmanuela
United States, Seattle
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Dandona, Rakhi
Unknown Affiliation
Murray, Christopher J.L.
Unknown Affiliation
Naghavi, Mohsen
Unknown Affiliation
Gakidou, Emmanuela E.
Unknown Affiliation
Salehi, Sana
Unknown Affiliation
Menezes, Ritesh G.
Unknown Affiliation
Mohammad, Yousef M.
Unknown Affiliation
Arabloo, Jalal
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Azari, Samad
Australia, Clayton
Monash University
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Unknown Affiliation
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Kuwait, Kuwait City
Kuwait University
Allebeck, Peter
France, Bordeaux
Université de Bordeaux
Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah
Unknown Affiliation
Zamanian, Maryam
Unknown Affiliation
Amu, Hubert
Iran, Arak
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Ancuceanu, Robert
Unknown Affiliation
Antony, Benny Samuel Eathakkattu
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Singh, Ambrish
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Anvari, Davood
Iran, Sari
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Arora, Megha
Iran, Iranshahr
Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences
Mathur, Manu Raj
Unknown Affiliation
Dandona, Lalit
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Dandona, Rakhi
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Kumar, G. Anil
India, New Delhi
Public Health Foundation of India
Arora, Monika
Unknown Affiliation
Asaad, Malke
Unknown Affiliation
Awan, Asma Tahir
United States, Minneapolis
Capella University
Ayano, Getinet
Australia, Perth
Curtin University
Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu
Unknown Affiliation
Tamiru, Animut Tagele
Unknown Affiliation
Yeshaw, Yigizie
Unknown Affiliation
Rathi, Priya
Ethiopia, Gondar
University of Gondar
Mohammed, Salahuddin Farooq
New Zealand, Auckland
The University of Auckland
Basu, Saurav
Unknown Affiliation
Bell, Arielle Wilder
Unknown Affiliation
Basu, Sanjay
United Arab Emirates, Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Benseñor, Isabela Judith Martins
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho
Unknown Affiliation
Santos, Iná Silva Dos
United Kingdom, Oxford
University of Oxford
Bhardwaj, Nikha
United Arab Emirates, Al Ain
United Arab Emirates University
Kanchan, Tanuj
Unknown Affiliation
Misra, S.
Unknown Affiliation
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
India, Kalyani
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
Bibi, Sadia D.
India, Kolkata
University of Calcutta
Braithwaite, Dejana
United States, Gainesville
University of Florida
Valdez, Pascual Rubén
Argentina, Buenos Aires
Argentine Society of Medicine
Car, Josip
Unknown Affiliation
Gorini, Giuseppe
Mexico, Mexico
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Chung, Sheng Chia
Viet Nam, Hanoi
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Silva, João Pedro
Italy, Naples
Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico Ii
Couto, Rosa A.S.
Unknown Affiliation
Pinheiro, Marina
Unknown Affiliation
Dessie, Getenet Ayalew
Kazakhstan, Almaty
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Tsegaye, Geremew W.
Unknown Affiliation
Do, Hoa Thi
Mexico, Culiacan
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Do, Ha Thi Phuong
Unknown Affiliation
Douiri, Abdel
Unknown Affiliation
Duncan, Bruce Bartholow
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Schmidt, Maria Inês
United Kingdom, London
King's College London
Duraes, A. R.
Unknown Affiliation
Fadhil, I.
Iran, Tehran
Islamic Azad University
Zandian, Hamed
New Zealand, Auckland
Auckland University of Technology
Piradov, Michael A.
Russian Federation, Moscow
Research Center of Neurology
Flor, Luisa Sório
Germany, Weingarten
Hochschule Ravensburg-weingarten
Flor, Luisa Socio
Unknown Affiliation
Folayan, Morenike O.
Ukraine, Kyiv
National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
Gad, Mohamed M.
Ukraine, Kyiv
National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
Iran, Abadan
Abadan University of Medical Sciences
Hassankhani, H.
Unknown Affiliation
Karimi, Seyed Mohammad
Iran, Gonabad
Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
Ghajar, Alireza
Iran, Tabriz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Giampaoli, Simona
United States, Boston
Harvard Medical School
Gill, Paramjit Singh
Unknown Affiliation
Golechha, Mahaveer Jain
Ghana, Accra
University of Ghana
Goudarzi, Houman
Unknown Affiliation
Greaves, Felix E.C.
United States, Columbus
The Ohio State University
Gupta, Bhawna
China, Binzhou
Binzhou Medical College
Gupta, Rahul
Australia, Adelaide
Torrens University Australia
Gupta, Rajat Das
United States, Columbia
University of South Carolina
Sheikhbahaei, Sara
India, Kanpur
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Haider, Mohammad Rifat
United States, Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University
Hartono, Risky Kusuma
Indonesia, South Jakarta
Universitas Indonesia Maju
Hassankhani, H.
Unknown Affiliation
Heidari, Golnaz
Unknown Affiliation
Herteliu, Claudiu
Unknown Affiliation
Hole, Michael K.
United Kingdom, Bath
University of Bath
Hostiuc, Sorin
United States, Austin
The University of Texas at Austin
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Islam, Sheikh Mohammad Shariful
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney School of Medicine
Islami, Farhad
Australia, Sydney
The University of Sydney
Iso, Hiroyasu
Japan, Suita
Osaka University
Iwagami, Masao
Saudi Arabia, Hail
University of Ha'il
Siabani, Soraya
Unknown Affiliation
Jeemon, Panniyammakal
India, Mysore
Mysore Medical College
Joó, Tamas
China, Beijing
Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University
Jayaram, Shubha
Unknown Affiliation
Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
Australia, Caringbah
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District
Kebede, Hafte Kahsay
United Kingdom, Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Khubchandani, Jagdish
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Al-imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Kim, Gyu-ri
United States, Las Cruces
New Mexico State University
Park, Eun-kee
United States, Las Cruces
New Mexico State University
Kugbey, Nuworza
India, Chandigarh
Panjab University
Landires, Iván
Unknown Affiliation
Lasrado, Savita
Unknown Affiliation
Lee, Yeong Yeh
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Moradi, Ghobad H.
Iran, Gonabad
Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
Mehata, Suresh
Mexico, Pachuca
Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Hidalgo
Mendoza, Walter
Unknown Affiliation
Meretoja, Tuomo J.
Unknown Affiliation
Morrison, Shane Douglas
Australia, Sydney
Unsw Sydney
Mubarik, Sumaira
United States, Ann Arbor
University of Michigan Medical School
Nangia, Vinay B.
India, Nagpur
Suraj Eye Institute
Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Nguyen, Son Hoang
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Nguyen, Trang Huyen Thi
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Vu, Giang T.
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Nnaji, Chukwudi Arnest
South Africa, Tygerberg
South African Medical Research Council
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Sweden, Lund
Lunds Universitet
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
Sweden, Stockholm
Karolinska Institutet
Oh, In-hwan
South Korea, Seoul
Kyung Hee University
Parekh, Utsav N.
Nepal, Kathmandu
Society of Public Health Physicians Nepal
Pawar, Shrikant D.
Australia, Melbourne
Murdoch Children's Research Institute
Pokhrel, Khem Narayan
Unknown Affiliation
Rahman, Mujibur Ridwanur
India, Solan
Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital
Rahman, Azizur
Australia, Ballarat
Federation University Australia
Ram, Pradhum
Viet Nam, Da Nang
Duy Tan University
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
United States, Atlanta
Emory University
Shrestha, Roman
Unknown Affiliation
Roy, Ambuj A.
Iran, Gorgan
Golestan University of Medical Sciences
Sathian, Brijesh
Canada, Vancouver
The University of British Columbia
Sawhney, Monika
United Kingdom, Bournemouth
Bournemouth University
Schaub, Michael Patrick
Unknown Affiliation
Schutte, Alta E.
Australia, Sydney
George Institute for Global Health
Schwendicke, Falk
Unknown Affiliation
Shaikh, Masood Ali A.
Unknown Affiliation
Sheikh, Aziz
India, Bijapur
Blde Deemed to be University
Shigematsu, Mika
Unknown Affiliation
Nachimuthu, Senthil Kumar
United Kingdom, Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh
Shiri, Rahman
Finland, Helsinki
Työterveyslaitos
Tadesse, Eyayou Girma
Unknown Affiliation
Sigfúsdóttir, Inga Dóra
Ethiopia, Arba Minch
Arba Minch University
Sinha, Dhirendra Narain
Unknown Affiliation
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.
United Kingdom, Hull
University of Hull
Stortecky, Stefan
Greece, Komotini
Democritus University of Thrace
Straif, Kurt
Unknown Affiliation
Sulo, Gerhard
Unknown Affiliation
Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman
Indonesia, Jakarta
Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia
Vardavas, Constantine I.
Unknown Affiliation
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Finland, Tampere
Ukk Institute Finland
Werdecker, Andrea
Pakistan, Islamabad
Foundation University, Islamabad
Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana
Germany, Wiesbaden
Federal Institute for Population Research
Yandrapalli, Srikanth S.
Sri Lanka, Mihintale
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
United States, Valhalla
New York Medical College
Yatsuya, Hiroshi
United States, Valhalla
Westchester Medical Center
Japan, Toyoake
Fujita Health University
Zar, Heather J.
Canada, Kingston
Queen’s University
Statistics
Citations: 485
Authors: 455
Affiliations: 341
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
ISSN:
01406736
Research Areas
Disability
Health System And Policy
Substance Abuse
Violence And Injury
Study Design
Randomised Control Trial
Cross Sectional Study
Study Approach
Systematic review
Participants Gender
Male
Female