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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
general
Acceleration of petaelectronvolt protons in the Galactic Centre
Nature, Volume 531, No. 7595, Year 2016
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Description
Galactic cosmic rays reach energies of at least a few petaelectronvolts1 (of the order of 1015 electronvolts). This implies that our Galaxy contains petaelectronvolt accelerators (PeVatrons), but all proposed models of Galactic cosmic-ray accelerators encounter difficulties at exactly these energies2. Dozens of Galactic accelerators capable of accelerating particles to energies of tens of teraelectronvolts (of the order of 1013 electronvolts) were inferred from recent γ-ray observations3. However, none of the currently known accelerators- not even the handful of shell-type supernova remnants commonly believed to supply most Galactic cosmic rays-has shown the characteristic tracers of petaelectronvolt particles, namely, powerlaw spectra of γ-rays extending without a cut-off or a spectral break to tens of teraelectronvolts4. Here we report deep γ-ray observations with arcminute angular resolution of the region surrounding the Galactic Centre, which show the expected tracer of the presence of petaelectronvolt protons within the central 10 parsecs of the Galaxy. We propose that the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A∗ is linked to this PeVatron. Sagittarius A∗ went through active phases in the past, as demonstrated by X-ray outbursts5 and an outflow from the Galactic Centre6. Although its current rate of particle acceleration is not sufficient to provide a substantial contribution to Galactic cosmic rays, Sagittarius A∗ could have plausibly been more active over the last 106107 years, and therefore should be considered as a viable alternative to supernova remnants as a source of petaelectronvolt Galactic cosmic rays. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Authors & Co-Authors
Abramowski, Attila
Germany, Hamburg
Universität Hamburg
Aharonian, F. A.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Ireland, Dublin
Institiúid Ard-lénn Bhaile Átha Cliath
Armenia, Yerevan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Benkhali, Faical Ait
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Akhperjanian, Ashot G.
Armenia, Yerevan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Armenia, Yerevan
Yerevan Physics Institute
Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Backes, Michael
Namibia, Windhoek
University of Namibia
Balzer, Arnim
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Becherini, Yvonne
Sweden, Vaxjo
Linnaeus University, Växjö
Becker-Tjus, Julia
Germany, Bochum
Ruhr-universitat Bochum
Berge, David
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Fom-institute of Subatomic Physics - Nikhef
Bernhard, Sabrina
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Bernlöhr, Konrad
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Birsin, Emrah
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Blackwell, Rebecca
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Boettcher, M.
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Boisson, Catherine
France, Paris
L'observatoire de Paris
Bolmont, Julien
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Bordas, Pol
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Bregeon, Johan
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Brun, François
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Brun, Pierre
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Bryan, Marta L.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Bulk, Tomasz
Poland, Warsaw
University of Warsaw
Carr, John S.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Casanova, Sabrina
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Poland, Krakow
Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Chakraborty, Nachiketa
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Chalmé-Calvet, Raphaël
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Chaves, Ryan C.G.
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Chen, Andrew W.
South Africa, Johannesburg
University of the Witwatersrand
Chrétien, Mathieu
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Colafrancesco, Sergio
South Africa, Johannesburg
University of the Witwatersrand
Cologna, Gabriele
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Conrad, Jan
Sweden, Stockholm
Albanova Universitetscentrum
Couturier, C.
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Cui, Yudong
Germany, Tubingen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Davids, Isak Delberth
Namibia, Windhoek
University of Namibia
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Degrange, Bernard
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Deil, Christoph
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
DeWilt, P.
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Djannati-Ataï, Arache
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Domainko, Wilfried F.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Donath, Axel
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Drury, L. O.C.
Ireland, Dublin
Institiúid Ard-lénn Bhaile Átha Cliath
Dubus, Guillaume
France, Saint Martin D'heres
Institut de Planétologie et D’astrophysique de Grenoble Ipag
Dutson, Kate L.
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Dyks, Jarosław
Poland, Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Dyrda, Michael
Poland, Krakow
Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Egberts, Kathrin
Germany, Potsdam
Universität Potsdam
Eger, Peter A.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Ernenwein, Jean Pierre
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Espigat, P.
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Farnier, Christian
Sweden, Stockholm
Albanova Universitetscentrum
Fegan, Stephen J.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Feinstein, Fabrice
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Fernandes, Milton Virgílio
Germany, Hamburg
Universität Hamburg
Fernandez, Diane
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Fiasson, Armand
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Fontaine, Gérard
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Förster, Andreas
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Fusling, M.
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Gabici, Stefano
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Gajdus, Michael
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Gallant, Yves A.
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Garrigoux, Tania
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Giavitto, Gianluca
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Giebels, Berrie
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Glicenstein, Jean François
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Gottschall, Daniel
Germany, Tubingen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Goyal, Arti
Poland, Krakow
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Grondin, Marie Hélène
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Grudzínska, Mira
Poland, Warsaw
University of Warsaw
Hadasch, Daniela
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Häffner, Stephanie
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
Hahn, Joachim
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Hawkes, Jarryd
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Heinzelmann, Götz
Germany, Hamburg
Universität Hamburg
Henri, Gilles
France, Saint Martin D'heres
Institut de Planétologie et D’astrophysique de Grenoble Ipag
Hermann, German
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Hervet, Olivier
France, Paris
L'observatoire de Paris
Hillert, Andreas
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Hinton, James A.J.A.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Hofmann, Werner
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Hofverberg, Petter
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Hoischen, Clemens
Germany, Potsdam
Universität Potsdam
Holler, Markus
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Horns, Dieter
Germany, Hamburg
Universität Hamburg
Ivascenko, Alex
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Jachołkowska, Agnieszka
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Jamrozy, Marek
Poland, Krakow
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Janiak, Mateusz
Poland, Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Jankowsky, Felix
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Jung-Richardt, Ira V.
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
Kastendieck, Max Anton
Germany, Hamburg
Universität Hamburg
Katarzyński, Krzysztof
Poland, Torun
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
Katz, Ulrich F.
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
Kerszberg, Daniel
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Khélifi, Bruno
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Kieffer, M.
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Klepser, Stefan
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Klochkov, Dmitry K.
Germany, Tubingen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Klužniak, Wlodzimierz
Poland, Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Kolitzus, D.
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Komin, Nukri
South Africa, Johannesburg
University of the Witwatersrand
Kosack, Karl
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Krakau, S.
Germany, Bochum
Ruhr-universitat Bochum
Krayzel, Fabien
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Krüger, P. P.
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Laffon, Hélène
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Lamanna, Giovanni
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Lau, James C.
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Lefranc, Valentin
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Lemière, Anne
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Lemoine-Goumard, Marianne
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Lenain, Jean Philippe
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Lohse, Thomas
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Lu, Chiachun
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Marandon, Vincent
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Marcowith, Alexandre
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Marx, Ramin
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Maurin, Guillaume T.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Maxted, Nigel I.
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Mayer, Michael
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Meintjes, Pieter J.
South Africa, Bloemfontein
University of the Free State
Meyer, Manuel S.
Sweden, Stockholm
Albanova Universitetscentrum
Mitchell, Alison M.W.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Moderski, Rafaƚ
Poland, Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Mohamed, Mahmoud
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Mora, Karen Salomé Caballero
Sweden, Stockholm
Albanova Universitetscentrum
Moulin, E.
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Murach, Thomas
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
de Naurois, Mathieu
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Niemiec, Jacek
Poland, Krakow
Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Ohm, Stefan
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Ostrowski, Michałl
Poland, Krakow
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Oya, Igor
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Panter, M.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Parsons, Robert Daniel
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Pekeur, Nikki W.
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Pelletier, Guy
France, Saint Martin D'heres
Institut de Planétologie et D’astrophysique de Grenoble Ipag
Petrucci, Pierre Olivier
France, Saint Martin D'heres
Institut de Planétologie et D’astrophysique de Grenoble Ipag
Pita, Santiago
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Poon, Helen
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Prokoph, Heike
Sweden, Vaxjo
Linnaeus University, Växjö
Pûhlhofer, Gerd
Germany, Tubingen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Punch, Michael
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Quirrenbach, Andreas
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Reimer, Anita
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Reimer, Olaf
Austria, Innsbruck
Universität Innsbruck
Renaud, Matthieu
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
De Los Reyes, Raquel R.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Rieger, Frank M.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Rosier-Lees, Sylvie
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Rowell, Gavin P.
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Rudak, Bronisław
Poland, Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Rulten, Cameron B.
France, Paris
L'observatoire de Paris
Sahakian, Vardan H.
Armenia, Yerevan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Armenia, Yerevan
Yerevan Physics Institute
Šálek, David
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Fom-institute of Subatomic Physics - Nikhef
Sánchez, David A.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Santangelo, Andrea E.
Germany, Tubingen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Sasaki, Manami
Germany, Tubingen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Schlickeiser, Reinhard
Germany, Bochum
Ruhr-universitat Bochum
Schüssler, Fabian
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Schwanke, Ullrich
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Seyffert, Albertus S.
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Sol, Hélène
France, Paris
L'observatoire de Paris
Spanier, Felix
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Spengler, Gerrit
Sweden, Stockholm
Albanova Universitetscentrum
Stawarz, Łukasz
Poland, Krakow
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Steenkamp, R.
Namibia, Windhoek
University of Namibia
Stegmann, Christian
Germany, Potsdam
Universität Potsdam
Germany, Hamburg
Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron Desy
Stinzing, Friedrich
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
Sushch, Iurii
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Tavernet, Jean Paul
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Terrier, Régis
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Commissariat a L'energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
Tluczykont, Martin
Germany, Hamburg
Universität Hamburg
Tuffs, Richard J.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Valerius, Kathrin
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
Van Der Walt, Johan
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Van Eldik, Christopher
Germany, Erlangen
Friedrich-alexander-universität Erlangen-nürnberg
van Soelen, Brian V.A.N.
South Africa, Bloemfontein
University of the Free State
Vasileiadis, Georges
France, Montpellier
Université de Montpellier
Venter, C.
South Africa, Potchefstroom
North-west University
Viana, Aion A.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Vincent, P.
France, Paris
Sorbonne Université
Vink, Jacco S.
Netherlands, Amsterdam
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Voisin, Fabien J.
Australia, Adelaide
The University of Adelaide
Völk, Heinrich J.
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Wagner, Stefan J.
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Wagner, Philipp
Germany, Berlin
Humboldt-universität zu Berlin
Weidinger, Matthias
Germany, Bochum
Ruhr-universitat Bochum
White, Richard J.
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Wierzcholska, Alicja
Poland, Krakow
Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Wouters, Denis
France, Gif-sur-yvette
Cea Saclay
Yang, Ruizhi
Germany, Heidelberg
Max-planck-institut Für Kernphysik
Zabalza, Víctor
United Kingdom, Leicester
University of Leicester
Zaborov, Dmitry N.
France, Paris
In2p3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique Des Particules
Zacharias, Michael
Germany, Heidelberg
Universität Heidelberg
Zdziarski, Andrzej A.
Poland, Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Zech, Andreas
France, Paris
L'observatoire de Paris
Z̀ywucka, Natalia
Poland, Krakow
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Statistics
Citations: 391
Authors: 200
Affiliations: 35
Identifiers
Doi:
10.1038/nature17147
ISSN:
00280836