The phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline as a novel adjunct to antidepressants in major depressive disorder patients: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: There is evidence for an association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and both inflammatory and phosphodiesterase (PDE) pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the adjunct role of the PDE inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX), a compound with anti-inflammatory properties, in the treatment of adult patients with MDD. Methods: This was a prospective, 12-week, double-blind study of parallel groups. Eighty adult outpatients who met the DSM-IV criteria for MDD participated in the trial. Patients were required to have a baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score of at least 18. Patients were allocated randomly: 40 received escitalopram 20 mg/day plus placebo while the other 40 received escitalopram 20 mg/day plus PTX (400 mg b.i.d.). Patients were assessed by a psychiatrist at baseline, and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the medication had been started. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, BDNF, 8-OHdG, and serotonin were measured at baseline and after therapy. Results: After 8 and 12 weeks, the PTX group showed a statistically significantly greater improvement in HAM-D score compared to the control group (least squares mean difference [LSMD] -3.29, p = 0.000 and LSMD -3.49, p = 0.000, respectively). Moreover, the PTX group showed a statistically significantly greater reduction in the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and 8-OHdG along with a statistically significant increase in the levels of BDNF and serotonin in comparison with the control group after the treatment. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that PTX could be a promising adjunct to antidepressants in the treatment of MDD patients.