Extreme multi-stability: When imperfection changes quality

In this paper, we discuss how chaotic systems show the importance of imperfection. This happens through the butterfly effect. Then we discuss that chaotic systems with extreme multi-stability can much better demonstrate such importance. The reason is that in such systems not only the quantity of time-series is affected by butterfly effect, but also the quality of time-series is changed by small imperfections in parameters or initial conditions. We prove the importance of that difference better by comparing the efficiency of a newly proposed parameter estimation method on both an ordinary chaotic system and a chaotic system with extreme multi-stability.