Variation of AIRS-Retrieved CO2 over Uttarakhand, India, During 2010–2017

The Himalayas are unique in terms of their geography, biodiversity, and susceptibility to global warming and climate change. To comprehend a regional climate, specialized research is crucial. The present study is a focused attempt in that direction and records the spatial and seasonal variability of carbon dioxide (CO2) retrieved from AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) over the Uttarakhand region of the Himalayas in India during 2010–2017 to analyze the effects of global warming and climate change. CO2 is observed to have increased by an average of 2.14 ppm per year during the study period. The highest and lowest CO2 values were 405 ppm and 387 ppm throughout the investigation. The maximum concentrations of CO2 were observed in the pre-monsoon season. The highest levels of CO2 are associated with the lowest OLR (outgoing longwave radiation) and the lowest precipitation rate. August and September months show the highest NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) values, which correspond to the lowest CO2 concentrations. CO2 and NDVI have a negative correlation (viz. − 0.93). In the monsoon season, when CO2 concentrations were lowest, a strong anti-correlation (− 0.76) was found between CO2 and precipitation rate. NDVI follows the precipitation rate one month later, promoting photosynthesis and acting as a CO2 sink. Furthermore, the correlation of CO2 with OLR, PBL, and meteorological factors (viz. temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and surface pressure) was also investigated. CO2 and humidity are anti-correlated (− 0.64) but positively correlated (0.57) with wind speed. The Himalayan natural resources support billions of people by uplifting the region’s economy. Therefore, such region-specific research is scientifically essential for its socioeconomic importance.