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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
earth and planetary sciences
Radio Analysis of SN2004C Reveals an Unusual CSM Density Profile as a Harbinger of Core Collapse
Astrophysical Journal, Volume 938, No. 1, Article 84, Year 2022
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Description
We present extensive multifrequency Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the radio-bright supernova (SN) IIb SN 2004C that span ∼40-2793 days post-explosion. We interpret the temporal evolution of the radio spectral energy distribution in the context of synchrotron self-absorbed emission from the explosion’s forward shock as it expands in the circumstellar medium (CSM) previously sculpted by the mass-loss history of the stellar progenitor. VLBA observations and modeling of the VLA data point to a blastwave with average velocity ∼0.06 c that carries an energy of ≈1049 erg. Our modeling further reveals a flat CSM density profile ρ CSM ∝ R −0.03±0.22 up to a break radius R br ≈ (1.96 ± 0.10) × 1016 cm, with a steep density gradient following ρ CSM ∝ R −2.3±0.5 at larger radii. We infer that the flat part of the density profile corresponds to a CSM shell with mass ∼0.021 M ☉, and that the progenitor’s effective mass-loss rate varied with time over the range (50-500) × 10−5 M ☉ yr−1 for an adopted wind velocity v w = 1000 km s−1 and shock microphysical parameters ϵ e = 0.1, ϵ B = 0.01. These results add to the mounting observational evidence for departures from the traditional single-wind mass-loss scenarios in evolved, massive stars in the centuries leading up to core collapse. Potentially viable scenarios include mass loss powered by gravity waves and/or interaction with a binary companion. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
Authors & Co-Authors
DeMarchi, Lindsay M.
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Margutti, Raffaella
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Brunthaler, Andreas
Germany, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Milisavljevic, Danny
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Bietenholz, Michael F.
Canada, Toronto
York University
Brethauer, Daniel
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Coppejans, Deanne L.
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Auchettl, Katie
United States, Santa Cruz
University of California, Santa Cruz
Australia, Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Australia, Sydney
Arc Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics
Alexander, Kate D.
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Kilpatrick, Charles D.
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Bright, Joe S.
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Stroh, Michael Cullen
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Jacobson-Galan, Wynn Vicente
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Statistics
Citations: 5
Authors: 13
Affiliations: 11
Identifiers
Doi:
10.3847/1538-4357/ac8c26
ISSN:
0004637X
Research Areas
Environmental