High-level ability of secretory IgA to block HIV type 1 transcytosis: Contrasting secretory IgA and IgG responses to glycoprotein 160

The IgG and secretory IgA (S-IgA) responses to the HIV-1 envelope (gp160 antigen) were analyzed in the colostrum (Col) and in the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) of HIV-1-infected women. We show IgG antibodies (Abs) to the recombinant gp160 to be predominant as compared with the corresponding S-IgA isotype. The low level of the S-IgA response cannot be related to a general disturbance of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) because the level of a current Ab to a caries-associated antigen from Streptococcus sobrinus was in the normal range in these secretions. The major subclass of IgA to gp160 was of the α1 isotype both in Col and in CVF. However, the specific activities of S-IgA1 and S-IgA2 were different when expressed as the ratio of the anti-gp160 related to total Ig of each subclass. Indeed, the specific activity of the S-IgA2 was predominant over S-IgA1 in the Col, whereas the reciprocal results were found in CVF, showing a subcompartmentalization of these secretions. The ability of S-IgA and IgG to block one of the pathways involved in the HIV-1 penetration across mucosa, i.e., transcytosis through epithelial cells, was evaluated using a functional in vitro assay. Both S-IgA and IgG Abs impaired virus transcytosis, irrespective of the level of anti-gp160 Specific activities. However, specific S-IgA was more efficient than IgG. These features suggest that mucosal specific S-IgA to HIV-1 could be relevant in decreasing infectivity of HIV-1 in corporal fluids.